Zephaniah

1Chapter

No Longer Giving God a Thought or a Prayer

1God’s Message to Zephaniah son of Cushi, son of Gedaliah, son of Amariah, son of Hezekiah. It came during the reign of Josiah son of Amon, who was king of Judah: 2“I’m going to make a clean sweep of the earth, a thorough housecleaning.” God’s Decree.
3“Men and women and animals, including birds and fish— Anything and everything that causes sin—will go, but especially people.
4-6“I’ll start with Judah and everybody who lives in Jerusalem. I’ll sweep the place clean of every trace of the sex-and-religion Baal shrines and their priests. I’ll get rid of the people who sneak up to their rooftops at night to worship the star gods and goddesses; Also those who continue to worship God but cover their bases by worshiping other king-gods as well; Not to mention those who’ve dumped God altogether, no longer giving him a thought or offering a prayer.
7-13“Quiet now! Reverent silence before me, God, the Master! Time’s up. My Judgment Day is near: The Holy Day is all set, the invited guests made holy. On the Holy Day, God’s Judgment Day, I will punish the leaders and the royal sons; I will punish those who dress up like foreign priests and priestesses, Who introduce pagan prayers and practices; And I’ll punish all who import pagan superstitions that turn holy places into hellholes. Judgment Day!” God’s Decree! “Cries of panic from the city’s Fish Gate, Cries of terror from the city’s Second Quarter, sounds of great crashing from the hills! Wail, you shopkeepers on Market Street! Moneymaking has had its day. The god Money is dead. On Judgment Day, I’ll search through every closet and alley in Jerusalem. I’ll find and punish those who are sitting it out, fat and lazy, amusing themselves and taking it easy, Who think, ‘God doesn’t do anything, good or bad. He isn’t involved, so neither are we.’ But just wait. They’ll lose everything they have, money and house and land. They’ll build a house and never move in. They’ll plant vineyards and never taste the wine.

A Day of Darkness at Noon

14-18“The Great Judgment Day of God is almost here. It’s countdown time: . . . seven, six, five, four . . . Bitter and noisy cries on my Judgment Day, even strong men screaming for help. Judgment Day is payday—my anger paid out: a day of distress and anguish, a day of catastrophic doom, a day of darkness at noon, a day of black storm clouds, a day of bloodcurdling war cries, as forts are assaulted, as defenses are smashed. I’ll make things so bad they won’t know what hit them. They’ll walk around groping like the blind. They’ve sinned against God! Their blood will be poured out like old dishwater, their guts shoveled into slop buckets. Don’t plan on buying your way out. Your money is worthless for this. This is the Day of God’s Judgment—my wrath! I care about sin with fiery passion— A fire to burn up the corrupted world, a wildfire finish to the corrupting people.”
2Chapter

Seek God

1-2So get yourselves together. Shape up! You’re a nation without a clue about what it wants. Do it before you’re blown away like leaves in a windstorm, Before God’s Judgment-anger sweeps down on you, Before God’s Judgment Day wrath descends with full force.
3Seek God, all you quietly disciplined people who live by God’s justice. Seek God’s right ways. Seek a quiet and disciplined life. Perhaps you’ll be hidden on the Day of God’s anger.

All Earth-Made Gods Will Blow Away

4-5Gaza is scheduled for demolition, Ashdod will be cleaned out by high noon, Ekron pulled out by the roots. Doom to the seaside people, the seafaring people from Crete! The Word of God is bad news for you who settled Canaan, the Philistine country: “You’re slated for destruction— no survivors!”
6-7The lands of the seafarers will become pastureland, A country for shepherds and sheep. What’s left of the family of Judah will get it. Day after day they’ll pasture by the sea, and go home in the evening to Ashkelon to sleep. Their very own God will look out for them. He’ll make things as good as before.
8-12“I’ve heard the crude taunts of Moab, the mockeries flung by Ammon, The cruel talk they’ve used to put down my people, their self-important strutting along Israel’s borders. Therefore, as sure as I am the living God,” says God-of-the-Angel-Armies, Israel’s personal God, “Moab will become a ruin like Sodom, Ammon a ghost town like Gomorrah, One a field of rocks, the other a sterile salt flat, a moonscape forever. What’s left of my people will finish them off, will pick them clean and take over. This is what they get for their bloated pride, their taunts and mockeries of the people of God-of-the-Angel-Armies. God will be seen as truly terrible—a Holy Terror. All earth-made gods will shrivel up and blow away; And everyone, wherever they are, far or near, will fall to the ground and worship him. Also you Ethiopians, you, too, will die—I’ll see to it.”
13-15Then God will reach into the north and destroy Assyria. He will waste Nineveh, leave her dry and treeless as a desert. The ghost town of a city, the haunt of wild animals, Nineveh will be home to raccoons and coyotes— they’ll bed down in its ruins. Owls will hoot in the windows, ravens will croak in the doorways— all that fancy woodwork now a perch for birds. Can this be the famous Fun City that had it made, That boasted, “I’m the Number-One City! I’m King of the Mountain!” So why is the place deserted, a lair for wild animals? Passersby hardly give it a look; they dismiss it with a gesture.
3Chapter

Sewer City

1-5Doom to the rebellious city, the home of oppressors—Sewer City! The city that wouldn’t take advice, wouldn’t accept correction, Wouldn’t trust God, wouldn’t even get close to her own god! Her very own leaders are rapacious lions, Her judges are rapacious timber wolves out every morning prowling for a fresh kill. Her prophets are out for what they can get. They’re opportunists—you can’t trust them. Her priests desecrate the Sanctuary. They use God’s law as a weapon to maim and kill souls. Yet God remains righteous in her midst, untouched by the evil. He stays at it, day after day, meting out justice. At evening he’s still at it, strong as ever. But evil men and women, without conscience and without shame, persist in evil.
6“So I cut off the godless nations. I knocked down their defense posts, Filled her roads with rubble so no one could get through. Her cities were bombed-out ruins, unlivable and unlived in.
7“I thought, ‘Surely she’ll honor me now, accept my discipline and correction, Find a way of escape from the trouble she’s in, find relief from the punishment I’m bringing.’ But it didn’t faze her. Bright and early she was up at it again, doing the same old things.
8“Well, if that’s what you want, stick around.” God’s Decree. “Your day in court is coming, but remember I’ll be there to bring evidence. I’ll bring all the nations to the courtroom, round up all the kingdoms, And let them feel the brunt of my anger, my raging wrath. My zeal is a fire that will purge and purify the earth.

God Is in Charge at the Center

9-13“In the end I will turn things around for the people. I’ll give them a language undistorted, unpolluted, Words to address God in worship and, united, to serve me with their shoulders to the wheel. They’ll come from beyond the Ethiopian rivers, they’ll come praying— All my scattered, exiled people will come home with offerings for worship. You’ll no longer have to be ashamed of all those acts of rebellion. I’ll have gotten rid of your arrogant leaders. No more pious strutting on my holy hill! I’ll leave a core of people among you who are poor in spirit— What’s left of Israel that’s really Israel. They’ll make their home in God. This core holy people will not do wrong. They won’t lie, won’t use words to flatter or seduce. Content with who they are and where they are, unanxious, they’ll live at peace.”
14-15So sing, Daughter Zion! Raise your voices, Israel! Daughter Jerusalem, be happy! celebrate! God has reversed his judgments against you and sent your enemies off chasing their tails. From now on, God is Israel’s king, in charge at the center. There’s nothing to fear from evil ever again!

God Is Present Among You

16-17Jerusalem will be told: “Don’t be afraid. Dear Zion, don’t despair. Your God is present among you, a strong Warrior there to save you. Happy to have you back, he’ll calm you with his love and delight you with his songs.
18-20“The accumulated sorrows of your exile will dissipate. I, your God, will get rid of them for you. You’ve carried those burdens long enough. At the same time, I’ll get rid of all those who’ve made your life miserable. I’ll heal the maimed; I’ll bring home the homeless. In the very countries where they were hated they will be venerated. On Judgment Day I’ll bring you back home—a great family gathering! You’ll be famous and honored all over the world. You’ll see it with your own eyes— all those painful partings turned into reunions!” God’s Promise.
Study
Chapter 1
ESV

The Day of the Lord. The remainder of the prophecy concerns the multifaceted “day of the LORD,” which on the one hand holds judgment (1:7–3:8), and on the other, hope (3:9–20). It affects not only God’s covenant nation (1:8–13; 2:1–3; 3:1–7) but others as well (1:14–18; 2:4–15). Looking to more immediate, historical fulfillment (2:4–15), it also points toward the distant future (1:14–18; 3:8–13; Acts 17:31; 2 Pet. 3:10; Rev. 20:11–15). On the theme of the “day of the Lord,” see note on Amos 5:18–20 and diagram.

ESV

Heading. This verse introduces the genre, ultimate author, prophetic intermediary, and time period of the prophecy. Word opens other prophecies as well (e.g., Hos. 1:1; Joel 1:1; Mic. 1:1). Lord is the personal name of Israel’s God, Yahweh or Jehovah. See note on Ex. 3:15. Cushi, a proper name (Jer. 36:14), is also an ethnic designation for “Cushite, Ethiopian.” This could explain the inclusion of the genealogy indicating that Zephaniah is in fact an Israelite. Hezekiah is possibly the early, reforming fourteenth king of Judah (2 Kings 18:1–20:21; 2 Chron. 29:1–32:33). Josiah, the pious Judean king, reestablished worship of Yahweh (2 Kings 22:1–23:30; 2 Chron. 34:1–35:27; Jer. 1:2). Amon was an evil king of Judah like his apostate father Manasseh (2 Kings 21:19–26; 2 Chron. 33:21–25).

ESV

Judgment Coming against Judah. God first directs his attention against all living beings (vv. 2–3), then more specifically against his own people, Judah, represented by their capital, Jerusalem (vv. 4–6).

ESV

To sweep away is to completely remove or destroy something (1 Sam. 15:6; Jer. 16:5). Who and what will be swept away is specified in Zeph. 1:4–6; namely, “the remnant of Baal” and the “idolatrous priests” in Jerusalem (v. 4); all who practice idolatrous worship (“who bow down on the roofs to the host of the heavens” and who “swear by Milcom,” v. 5); and all “those who have turned back from following the LORD” (v. 6). In his holiness and his righteous judgment, God zealously destroys evil, sweeping away the lives of all “who do not seek the LORD” (v. 6).

ESV

The listing of man and beast … the birds … and the fish highlights the totality of destruction through terms that occur in the creation account (Gen. 1:20, 24–25, 26–28). God, the Creator of everything, will destroy everything due to the sin of mankind, creation’s representative.

ESV

Judah alone remained to serve as God’s new humanity since her northern neighbor Israel was exiled to Assyria in 722 B.C. Yet the presence of a righteous king such as Josiah (v. 1) was not enough to avert God’s judgment from Judah when other officials (v. 8; 3:3–5) and the people (1:9–12) were persisting in evil. Jerusalem, Judah’s capital, represented the entire nation. Baal (lit., lord, master) is the title commonly designating the Canaanite storm god, Hadad, whom Israel was prone to worship (Judg. 6:25; 1 Kings 16:31–32; 18). It could also refer to an Assyrian god, Bel. The term idolatrous priests is used only of pagan priests (cf. 2 Kings 23:5; Hos. 10:5).

ESV

Host of the heavens refers to the astral deities worshiped by both Assyrians and Canaanites (Deut. 4:19; Jer. 19:13). Milcom is the god of the pagan Ammonites (1 Kings 11:5, 33). The law strictly prohibited mixing worship of God and a pagan deity (Ex. 20:3).

ESV

The people turned back, becoming apostate and leaving their first faith (Isa. 59:13).

ESV

Day of Sacrifice and Punishment. After an announcement of the day of the Lord (v. 7), practitioners of specific evil deeds are warned (vv. 8–9).

ESV

The people are commanded to be silent, a sign of respect or fear (Amos 6:10; 8:3). The day of the LORD is the coming day in which God will judge his enemies (cf. Joel 1:8–3:8) and bless his followers (Zeph. 3:9–20). The sacrifice will be prepared by God himself, not dedicated to him as is customary. The guests will be consecrated. This either means (1) that they are to eat a holy meal (cf. 1 Sam. 16:5); or possibly (2) that they are themselves the sacrifice, in judgment of their sins.

ESV

Officials and the king’s sons are the civil leadership punished for the nation’s sin. Those engaged in syncretism (combining service of God with things taken from other religions) during worship (2 Kings 10:22; Mal. 2:11) or in daily life (Neh. 13:30) appear to have worn some undefined foreign attire.

ESV

When one leaps over the threshold, it is a pagan routine, possibly a Philistine practice (cf. 1 Sam. 5:4–5). Violence and fraud are evil acts in opposition to the healing and truth that come from truly worshiping God (cf. Gen. 6:11). “Fraud” (Hb. mirmah) can also be translated “deceit,” as in Jer. 9:6 (cf. Isa. 53:9).

ESV

The Coming Wrath. A litany of punishments is leveled against Jerusalem and its inhabitants (vv. 10–16) and against all humanity (vv. 17–18).

ESV

Against God’s People. Inhabitants of specific Jerusalem neighborhoods are noted (vv. 10–11), their chief failing (complacency in sin) is mentioned (v. 12), and their punishment is detailed (vv. 13–16).

ESV

The Fish Gate was probably the main northern city gate (2 Chron. 33:14), while the Second Quarter was a newer city section north of the temple (2 Kings 22:14). Jerusalem is surrounded by hills, but this could be a specific area, probably to the north, known to Zephaniah’s hearers.

ESV

The location of the Mortar is uncertain, but it was possibly a mortar-shaped, or hollow, quarry (Judg. 15:19). Traders, lit., “Canaanites” (Prov. 31:24; Hos. 12:7), who became the later Phoenicians, were important merchants and traders.

ESV

The complacent are those who “are thickening on their dregs” (esv footnote) like undisturbed wine that collects useless sediment. These lethargic people will not rouse themselves enough to save themselves. Since God has not yet judged their sin, perhaps they assume that he never will, not realizing that judgment can come any day (cf. James 5:1–9; 2 Pet. 3:3–4). The LORD will not do good, nor … ill is an expectation of the apathetic Judeans. Not denying the existence of God, they deny rather his ongoing activity in either blessing or punishing. This negates a core element of biblical theology: God is constantly active in history.

ESV

Goods … houses … vineyards belong to the rich and powerful; those who can afford their own dwellings and lands will lose everything and do not seem to care. (See further the covenant curses for disobedience in Deut. 28:15–68.) They shall not inhabit them implies that, because of their sin, God will not allow them to enjoy the rewards of their work.

ESV

God’s day is near and hastening fast. The importance of quickly responding to God is highlighted through emphasizing the impending judgment (v. 7). The mighty man cries aloud as the valiant hero lifts his battle cry (Isa. 42:13; cf. Zeph. 3:17) on God’s day.

ESV

The description as a day of wrath highlights the judgmental nature of the day. It is described by a catalog of frightening terms, many of which accompany theophanies (appearances of God) in other contexts (e.g., Ex. 19:16–19) where God will act against his own people as if they were his enemy.

ESV

Fortified cities speaks of even the most secure of Judah’s strongholds; they will prove vulnerable to her almighty God.

ESV

Against All Humanity. Since sin is universal, so is God’s judgment of sinners.

ESV

Instead of walking in God’s guidance, Judah will walk like the blind, staggering from her spiritual blindness (cf. Deut. 28:28, where blindness is a punishment for unfaithfulness). Blood … like dust … like dung renders the valuable worthless. Though blood carries life itself (Lev. 17:11), it will lose all its value like these two insignificant items (1 Kings 14:10; Zech. 9:3).

ESV

Neither their silver nor their gold means that material valued by humans (cf. vv. 11, 13), which was often formed into idols (Isa. 2:20; 30:22), will not be able to withstand God, whether in its natural or idolatrous form. God’s jealousy means that he cherishes his position as unique in the affections of his people to such an extent that he makes it the foundation of his covenant with them (Ex. 20:3).