Nahum

1Chapter

God Is Serious Business

1A report on the problem of Nineveh, the way God gave Nahum of Elkosh to see it: 2-6God is serious business. He won’t be trifled with. He avenges his foes. He stands up against his enemies, fierce and raging. But God doesn’t lose his temper. He’s powerful, but it’s a patient power. Still, no one gets by with anything. Sooner or later, everyone pays. Tornadoes and hurricanes are the wake of his passage, Storm clouds are the dust he shakes off his feet. He yells at the sea: It dries up. All the rivers run dry. The Bashan and Carmel mountains shrivel, the Lebanon orchards shrivel. Mountains quake in their roots, hills dissolve into mud flats. Earth shakes in fear of God. The whole world’s in a panic. Who can face such towering anger? Who can stand up to this fierce rage? His anger spills out like a river of lava, his fury shatters boulders.
7-10God is good, a hiding place in tough times. He recognizes and welcomes anyone looking for help, No matter how desperate the trouble. But cozy islands of escape He wipes right off the map. No one gets away from God. Why waste time conniving against God? He’s putting an end to all such scheming. For troublemakers, no second chances. Like a pile of dry brush, Soaked in oil, they’ll go up in flames.

A Think Tank for Lies

11Nineveh’s an anthill of evil plots against God, A think tank for lies that seduce and betray.
12-13“I’ve afflicted you, Judah, true, but I won’t afflict you again. From now on I’m taking the yoke from your neck and splitting it up for kindling. I’m cutting you free from the ropes of your bondage.”
14“You’re the end of the line. It’s all over with Nineveh. I’m gutting your temple. Your gods and goddesses go in the trash. I’m digging your grave. It’s an unmarked grave. You’re nothing—no, you’re less than nothing!”
15Look! Striding across the mountains— a messenger bringing the latest good news: peace! A holiday, Judah! Celebrate! Worship and recommit to God! No more worries about this enemy. This one is history. Close the books.
2Chapter

Israel’s Been to Hell and Back

1The juggernaut’s coming! Post guards, lay in supplies. Get yourselves together, get ready for the big battle.
2God has restored the Pride of Jacob, the Pride of Israel. Israel’s lived through hard times. He’s been to hell and back.
3-12Weapons flash in the sun, the soldiers splendid in battle dress, Chariots burnished and glistening, ready to charge, A spiked forest of brandished spears, lethal on the horizon. The chariots pour into the streets. They fill the public squares, Flaming like torches in the sun, like lightning darting and flashing. The Assyrian king rallies his men, but they stagger and stumble. They run to the ramparts to stem the tide, but it’s too late. Soldiers pour through the gates. The palace is demolished. Soon it’s all over: Nineveh stripped, Nineveh doomed, Maids and slaves moaning like doves, beating their breasts. Nineveh is a tub from which they’ve pulled the plug. Cries go up, “Do something! Do something!” but it’s too late. Nineveh’s soon empty—nothing. Other cries come: “Plunder the silver! Plunder the gold! A bonanza of plunder! Take everything you want!” Doom! Damnation! Desolation! Hearts sink, knees fold, stomachs retch, faces blanch. So, what happened to the famous and fierce Assyrian lion And all those cute Assyrian cubs? To the lion and lioness Cozy with their cubs, fierce and fearless? To the lion who always returned from the hunt with fresh kills for lioness and cubs, The lion lair heaped with bloody meat, blood and bones for the royal lion feast?
13“Assyria, I’m your enemy,” says God-of-the-Angel-Armies. “I’ll torch your chariots. They’ll go up in smoke. ‘Lion Country’ will be strewn with carcasses. The war business is over—you’re out of work: You’ll have no more wars to report, No more victories to announce. You’re out of war work forever.”
3Chapter

Let the Nations Get Their Fill of the Ugly Truth

1-4Doom to Murder City— full of lies, bursting with loot, addicted to violence! Horns blaring, wheels clattering, horses rearing, chariots lurching, Horsemen galloping, brandishing swords and spears, Dead bodies rotting in the street, corpses stacked like cordwood, Bodies in every gutter and alley, clogging every intersection! And whores! Whores without end! Whore City, Fatally seductive, you’re the Witch of Seduction, luring nations to their ruin with your evil spells.
5-7“I’m your enemy, Whore Nineveh— I, God-of-the-Angel-Armies! I’ll strip you of your seductive silk robes and expose you on the world stage. I’ll let the nations get their fill of the ugly truth of who you really are and have been all along. I’ll pelt you with dog dung and place you on a pedestal: ‘Slut on Exhibit.’ Everyone who sees you will gag and say, ‘Nineveh’s a pigsty: What on earth did we ever see in her? Who would give her a second look? Ugh!’”

Past the Point of No Return

8-13Do you think you’re superior to Egyptian Thebes, proudly invincible on the River Nile, Protected by the great River, walled in by the River, secure? Ethiopia stood guard to the south, Egypt to the north. Put and Libya, strong friends, were ready to step in and help. But you know what happened to her: The whole city was marched off to a refugee camp, Her babies smashed to death in public view on the streets, Her prize leaders auctioned off, her celebrities put in chain gangs. Expect the same treatment, Nineveh. You’ll soon be staggering like a bunch of drunks, Wondering what hit you, looking for a place to sleep it off. All your forts are like peach trees, the lush peaches ripe, ready for the picking. One shake of the tree and they fall straight into hungry mouths. Face it: Your warriors are wimps. You’re sitting ducks. Your borders are gaping doors, inviting your enemies in. And who’s to stop them?
14-17Yes, as if by locusts—a fitting fate, for you yourselves are a locust plague. You’ve multiplied shops and shopkeepers— more buyers and sellers than stars in the sky! A plague of locusts, cleaning out the neighborhood and then flying off. Your bureaucrats are locusts, your brokers and bankers are locusts. Early on, they’re all at your service, full of smiles and promises, But later when you return with questions or complaints, you’ll find they’ve flown off and are nowhere to be found.
15Yes, as if by locusts—a fitting fate, 18-19King of Assyria! Your shepherd-leaders, in charge of caring for your people, Are busy doing everything else but. They’re not doing their job, And your people are scattered and lost. There’s no one to look after them. You’re past the point of no return. Your wound is fatal. When the story of your fate gets out, the whole world will applaud and cry “Encore!” Your cruel evil has seeped into every nook and cranny of the world. Everyone has felt it and suffered.
Study
Chapter 2
ESV

Focus on Nineveh: The Lord’s Coming Judgment. In this next major section of the book, the focus falls on Nineveh. Nahum’s prediction reads like an eyewitness account of the city being attacked, overrun by the enemy, and plundered.

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The Beginning of the Attack on Nineveh. scatterer. This word for the enemy (viewed here as a collective whole) foretells the outcome of the siege. Nineveh will be taken, and any Ninevites not slaughtered will flee before the conquerors (see 3:17–18) or be taken into exile. Ultimately, it is God who “scatters.” has come up. A technical phrase signifying impending hostile military action (e.g., Judg. 1:1; 1 Sam. 7:7; 1 Kings 15:17; 2 Kings 18:13). Man the ramparts. Nineveh is told to get ready for battle. Nahum writes as if he were at Nineveh in 612 B.C., speaking to the Ninevites (with underlying sarcasm).

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Reasons for Judgment: The Assyrians’ Plundering of Judah, Though Judah’s Restoration by God Is Planned. Here Nahum gives one reason for the fall of Nineveh: God had used the Assyrians as his scourge of discipline on unfaithful Judah, but this scourge would no longer be needed because the LORD is restoring the majesty of Jacob. The true majesty of Judah, basically what was left of the nation Israel (the northern tribes having been “lost” in the Assyrian exile), was spiritual, not secular or political. God separated Israel from the nations to be devoted to him; with them he made his covenants; from them would come the Messiah (Rom. 9:4–5). This majesty, then, involved having a covenant relationship with the Lord and giving evidence of that relationship in godly living. plunderers. The Assyrians plundered Judah (see Nah. 2:13). Their branches are the individual clans, families, or members of the southern kingdom, likened to a vineyard (cf. Isa. 5:1–7).

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Attacking Soldiers and Military Action at Nineveh. Nahum describes how the invading army closes in on the city.

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shield … red. Either their shields were painted red, or they were permanently stained with the blood of defeated foes from previous military campaigns. His … he is a reference to the scatterer mentioned in v. 1. The attacking army was a coalition made up of Medes and Babylonians, and possibly Scythians. Cyaxares (625–585 B.C.) was the leader of the Medes (who played the dominant role in the destruction of Nineveh), and Nabopolassar (626–605) led the Babylonians. The streets and squares are those of the suburbs surrounding Nineveh, the first areas to be overrun by the attacking army. flashing metal … gleam like torches. The sunlight reflects off of the metal pieces of the chariots. dart like lightning. This could refer again to the light reflecting, or indicate the swift movement of the chariots.

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The attacking army now reaches the wall of Nineveh proper. He remembers. “He” (see v. 3) may be so eager to be involved in the attack that he almost forgets to delegate parts of the operation to his officers. These officers, eager both to join in the attack themselves and to please their superior(s), so rush into the action that they practically stumble over one another. Or, as they move toward Nineveh’s wall, they may stumble over the wreckage in the devastated suburbs. siege tower. This could also be rendered “mantelet” (see esv footnote), a covering that protects the attacking soldiers from arrows, spears, and other objects thrown down on them by the defenders on the wall.

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The Fall and Plundering of Nineveh. Now Nahum takes the reader into the city as it falls to the invaders.

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river gates. The Khoser River flowed through Nineveh; north of the city were dams, most likely with gates to regulate the flow of this river. The besieging coalition could easily have closed the gates (cutting off this water supply), waited until a considerable quantity of water collected, and then opened the gates. The resulting mass of water crashing against and through Nineveh would have done much damage to portions of the city’s wall, system of gates, and internal structures, thus greatly aiding the besiegers. Another river that probably flowed through Nineveh was the Tebiltu, which could have been used by the coalition in the same manner. The destruction caused by the waters no doubt was a factor contributing to the short length of the siege—only three months. The palace melts away because of the floodwaters.

ESV

like a pool. See v. 6. Halt … they cry. Nahum places the reader in Nineveh as the city is being entered and overrun by the coalition forces. The reader “sees” the fleeing inhabitants and “hears” some of the Assyrian commanders crying out, “Halt! Stand and fight,” but none turns back to do so. The Assyrians had terrified many, but now they themselves are filled with terror.

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silver … gold. Nineveh was filled with tremendous wealth, due to the plunder seized during numerous military campaigns and the tribute received over the many years Assyria ruled the Near East.

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A Taunting Song Portraying Nineveh’s Destruction Because of the City’s Lust for Conquest. These verses figuratively portray the obliteration of Nineveh, the extinction of Assyrian nobility, and the termination of Assyrian power.

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Desolate … ruin is a description of Nineveh emptied of inhabitants (due to their fleeing, slaughter, or captivity) and destroyed by the victorious invaders (after they have finished their plundering). Hearts melt … pale. The Assyrians, who previously had been proud of how they terrorized other peoples, now experience extreme terror.

ESV

lions. Members of the Assyrian royal house (and perhaps aristocracy), headed by the king. The lion was a symbol for kingship in the ancient Near East (cf. Gen. 49:9); the Assyrian kings exhibited ferocity in their attacking and “devouring” other lands, and called themselves lions. Reliefs on palace walls depicted lions being hunted by the Assyrian rulers. none to disturb. During the time of Assyrian might, no other nation dared to, or could, attack Nineveh. There was none to terrify those in the city, and particularly the household of the king. enough … prey … torn flesh. I.e., the vast amounts of plunder taken by the “ravenous” Assyrians from their brutal, bloody conquest of numerous lands.

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The Lord Speaks a Word of Judgment. Nahum closes the fourth major portion of the book (vv. 1–13) by quoting God’s proclamation of judgment against Nineveh. The city will fall because this is the will of the Lord. In vv. 1 and 13 Nineveh is addressed (“you,” “your”), and both verses express the thought “against you.” LORD of hosts. See note on 1 Sam. 1:3. burn your chariots. A striking contrast to the swift chariots of the conquering coalition (Nah. 2:3–4). sword shall devour. The devouring pride of lions (vv. 11–12) shall now be devoured by the enemy. voice … messengers … no longer be heard. The end of the Assyrian messengers brings about the messenger of peace coming to Judah (1:15).