Lamentations

1Chapter

Worthless, Cheap, Abject!

1Oh, oh, oh . . . How empty the city, once teeming with people. A widow, this city, once in the front rank of nations, once queen of the ball, she’s now a drudge in the kitchen.
2She cries herself to sleep each night, tears soaking her pillow. No one’s left among her lovers to sit and hold her hand. Her friends have all dumped her.
3After years of pain and hard labor, Judah has gone into exile. She camps out among the nations, never feels at home. Hunted by all, she’s stuck between a rock and a hard place.
4Zion’s roads weep, empty of pilgrims headed to the feasts. All her city gates are deserted, her priests in despair. Her virgins are sad. How bitter her fate.
5Her enemies have become her masters. Her foes are living it up because God laid her low, punishing her repeated rebellions. Her children, prisoners of the enemy, trudge into exile.
6All beauty has drained from Daughter Zion’s face. Her princes are like deer famished for food, chased to exhaustion by hunters.
7Jerusalem remembers the day she lost everything, when her people fell into enemy hands, and not a soul there to help. Enemies looked on and laughed, laughed at her helpless silence.
8Jerusalem, who outsinned the whole world, is an outcast. All who admired her despise her now that they see beneath the surface. Miserable, she groans and turns away in shame.
9She played fast and loose with life, she never considered tomorrow, and now she’s crashed royally, with no one to hold her hand: “Look at my pain, O God! And how the enemy cruelly struts.”
10The enemy reached out to take all her favorite things. She watched as pagans barged into her Sanctuary, those very people for whom you posted orders: keep out: this assembly off-limits.
11All the people groaned, so desperate for food, so desperate to stay alive that they bartered their favorite things for a bit of breakfast: “O God, look at me! Worthless, cheap, abject!
12“And you passersby, look at me! Have you ever seen anything like this? Ever seen pain like my pain, seen what he did to me, what God did to me in his rage?
13“He struck me with lightning, skewered me from head to foot, then he set traps all around so I could hardly move. He left me with nothing—left me sick, and sick of living.
14“He wove my sins into a rope and harnessed me to captivity’s yoke. I’m goaded by cruel taskmasters.
15“The Master piled up my best soldiers in a heap, then called in thugs to break their fine young necks. The Master crushed the life out of fair virgin Judah.
16“For all this I weep, weep buckets of tears, and not a soul within miles around cares for my soul. My children are wasted, my enemy got his way.”
17Zion reached out for help, but no one helped. God ordered Jacob’s enemies to surround him, and now no one wants anything to do with Jerusalem.
18“God has right on his side. I’m the one who did wrong. Listen everybody! Look at what I’m going through! My fair young women, my fine young men, all herded into exile!
19“I called to my friends; they betrayed me. My priests and my leaders only looked after themselves, trying but failing to save their own skins.
20“O God, look at the trouble I’m in! My stomach in knots, my heart wrecked by a life of rebellion. Massacres in the streets, starvation in the houses.
21“Oh, listen to my groans. No one listens, no one cares. When my enemies heard of the trouble you gave me, they cheered. Bring on Judgment Day! Let them get what I got!
22“Take a good look at their evil ways and give it to them! Give them what you gave me for my sins. Groaning in pain, body and soul, I’ve had all I can take.”
2Chapter

God Walked Away from His Holy Temple

1Oh, oh, oh . . . How the Master has cut down Daughter Zion from the skies, dashed Israel’s glorious city to earth, in his anger treated his favorite as throwaway junk.
2The Master, without a second thought, took Israel in one gulp. Raging, he smashed Judah’s defenses, ground her king and princes to a pulp.
3His anger blazing, he knocked Israel flat, broke Israel’s arm and turned his back just as the enemy approached, came on Jacob like a wildfire from every direction.
4Like an enemy, he aimed his bow, bared his sword, and killed our young men, our pride and joy. His anger, like fire, burned down the homes in Zion.
5The Master became the enemy. He had Israel for supper. He chewed up and spit out all the defenses. He left Daughter Judah moaning and groaning.
6He plowed up his old trysting place, trashed his favorite rendezvous. God wiped out Zion’s memories of feast days and Sabbaths, angrily sacked king and priest alike.
7God abandoned his altar, walked away from his holy Temple and turned the fortifications over to the enemy. As they cheered in God’s Temple, you’d have thought it was a feast day!
8God drew up plans to tear down the walls of Daughter Zion. He assembled his crew, set to work and went at it. Total demolition! The stones wept!
9Her city gates, iron bars and all, disappeared in the rubble: her kings and princes off to exile—no one left to instruct or lead; her prophets useless—they neither saw nor heard anything from God.
10The elders of Daughter Zion sit silent on the ground. They throw dust on their heads, dress in rough penitential burlap— the young virgins of Jerusalem, their faces creased with the dirt.
11My eyes are blind with tears, my stomach in a knot. My insides have turned to jelly over my people’s fate. Babies and children are fainting all over the place,
12Calling to their mothers, “I’m hungry! I’m thirsty!” then fainting like dying soldiers in the streets, breathing their last in their mothers’ laps.
13How can I understand your plight, dear Jerusalem? What can I say to give you comfort, dear Zion? Who can put you together again? This bust-up is past understanding.
14Your prophets courted you with sweet talk. They didn’t face you with your sin so that you could repent. Their sermons were all wishful thinking, deceptive illusions.
15Astonished, passersby can’t believe what they see. They rub their eyes, they shake their heads over Jerusalem. Is this the city voted “Most Beautiful” and “Best Place to Live”?
16But now your enemies gape, slack-jawed. Then they rub their hands in glee: “We’ve got them! We’ve been waiting for this! Here it is!”
17God did carry out, item by item, exactly what he said he’d do. He always said he’d do this. Now he’s done it—torn the place down. He’s let your enemies walk all over you, declared them world champions!
18Give out heart-cries to the Master, dear repentant Zion. Let the tears roll like a river, day and night, and keep at it—no time-outs. Keep those tears flowing!
19As each night watch begins, get up and cry out in prayer. Pour your heart out face-to-face with the Master. Lift high your hands. Beg for the lives of your children who are starving to death out on the streets.
20“Look at us, God. Think it over. Have you ever treated anyone like this? Should women eat their own babies, the very children they raised? Should priests and prophets be murdered in the Master’s own Sanctuary?
21“Boys and old men lie in the gutters of the streets, my young men and women killed in their prime. Angry, you killed them in cold blood, cut them down without mercy.
22“You invited, like friends to a party, men to swoop down in attack so that on the big day of God’s wrath no one would get away. The children I loved and reared—gone, gone, gone.”
3Chapter

God Locked Me Up in Deep Darkness

1-3I’m the man who has seen trouble, trouble coming from the lash of God’s anger. He took me by the hand and walked me into pitch-black darkness. Yes, he’s given me the back of his hand over and over and over again.
4-6He turned me into a skeleton of skin and bones, then broke the bones. He hemmed me in, ganged up on me, poured on the trouble and hard times. He locked me up in deep darkness, like a corpse nailed inside a coffin.
7-9He shuts me in so I’ll never get out, handcuffs my wrists, shackles my feet. Even when I cry out and plead for help, he locks up my prayers and throws away the key. He sets up blockades with quarried limestone. He’s got me cornered.
10-12He’s a prowling bear tracking me down, a lion in hiding ready to pounce. He knocked me from the path and ripped me to pieces. When he finished, there was nothing left of me. He took out his bow and arrows and used me for target practice.
13-15He shot me in the stomach with arrows from his quiver. Everyone took me for a joke, made me the butt of their mocking ballads. He forced rotten, stinking food down my throat, bloated me with vile drinks.
16-18He ground my face into the gravel. He pounded me into the mud. I gave up on life altogether. I’ve forgotten what the good life is like. I said to myself, “This is it. I’m finished. God is a lost cause.”

It’s a Good Thing to Hope for Help from God

19-21I’ll never forget the trouble, the utter lostness, the taste of ashes, the poison I’ve swallowed. I remember it all—oh, how well I remember— the feeling of hitting the bottom. But there’s one other thing I remember, and remembering, I keep a grip on hope:
22-24God’s loyal love couldn’t have run out, his merciful love couldn’t have dried up. They’re created new every morning. How great your faithfulness! I’m sticking with God (I say it over and over). He’s all I’ve got left.
25-27God proves to be good to the man who passionately waits, to the woman who diligently seeks. It’s a good thing to quietly hope, quietly hope for help from God. It’s a good thing when you’re young to stick it out through the hard times.
28-30When life is heavy and hard to take, go off by yourself. Enter the silence. Bow in prayer. Don’t ask questions: Wait for hope to appear. Don’t run from trouble. Take it full-face. The “worst” is never the worst.
31-33Why? Because the Master won’t ever walk out and fail to return. If he works severely, he also works tenderly. His stockpiles of loyal love are immense. He takes no pleasure in making life hard, in throwing roadblocks in the way:
34-36Stomping down hard on luckless prisoners, Refusing justice to victims in the court of High God, Tampering with evidence— the Master does not approve of such things.

God Speaks Both Good Things and Hard Things into Being

37-39Who do you think “spoke and it happened”? It’s the Master who gives such orders. Doesn’t the High God speak everything, good things and hard things alike, into being? And why would anyone gifted with life complain when punished for sin?
40-42Let’s take a good look at the way we’re living and reorder our lives under God. Let’s lift our hearts and hands at one and the same time, praying to God in heaven: “We’ve been contrary and willful, and you haven’t forgiven.
43-45“You lost your temper with us, holding nothing back. You chased us and cut us down without mercy. You wrapped yourself in thick blankets of clouds so no prayers could get through. You treated us like dirty dishwater, threw us out in the backyard of the nations.
46-48“Our enemies shout abuse, their mouths full of derision, spitting invective. We’ve been to hell and back. We’ve nowhere to turn, nowhere to go. Rivers of tears pour from my eyes at the smashup of my dear people.
49-51“The tears stream from my eyes, an artesian well of tears, Until you, God, look down from on high, look and see my tears. When I see what’s happened to the young women in the city, the pain breaks my heart.
52-54“Enemies with no reason to be enemies hunted me down like a bird. They threw me into a pit, then pelted me with stones. Then the rains came and filled the pit. The water rose over my head. I said, ‘It’s all over.’
55-57“I called out your name, O God, called from the bottom of the pit. You listened when I called out, ‘Don’t shut your ears! Get me out of here! Save me!’ You came close when I called out. You said, ‘It’s going to be all right.’
58-60“You took my side, Master; you brought me back alive! God, you saw the wrongs heaped on me. Give me my day in court! Yes, you saw their mean-minded schemes, their plots to destroy me.
61-63“You heard, God, their vicious gossip, their behind-my-back plots to ruin me. They never quit, these enemies of mine, dreaming up mischief, hatching malice, day after day after day. Sitting down or standing up—just look at them!— they mock me with vulgar doggerel.
64-66“Make them pay for what they’ve done, God. Give them their just deserts. Break their miserable hearts! Damn their eyes! Get good and angry. Hunt them down. Make a total demolition here under your heaven!”
4Chapter

Waking Up with Nothing

1Oh, oh, oh . . . How gold is treated like dirt, the finest gold thrown out with the garbage, Priceless jewels scattered all over, jewels loose in the gutters.
2And the people of Zion, once prized, far surpassing their weight in gold, Are now treated like cheap pottery, like everyday pots and bowls mass-produced by a potter.
3Even wild jackals nurture their babies, give them their breasts to suckle. But my people have turned cruel to their babies, like an ostrich in the wilderness.
4Babies have nothing to drink. Their tongues stick to the roofs of their mouths. Little children ask for bread but no one gives them so much as a crust.
5People used to the finest cuisine forage for food in the streets. People used to the latest in fashions pick through the trash for something to wear.
6The evil guilt of my dear people was worse than the sin of Sodom— The city was destroyed in a flash, and no one around to help.
7The splendid and sacred nobles once glowed with health. Their bodies were robust and ruddy, their beards like carved stone.
8But now they are smeared with soot, unrecognizable in the street, Their bones sticking out, their skin dried out like old leather.
9Better to have been killed in battle than killed by starvation. Better to have died of battle wounds than to slowly starve to death.
10Nice and kindly women boiled their own children for supper. This was the only food in town when my dear people were broken.
11God let all his anger loose, held nothing back. He poured out his raging wrath. He set a fire in Zion that burned it to the ground.
12The kings of the earth couldn’t believe it. World rulers were in shock, Watching old enemies march in big as you please, right through Jerusalem’s gates.
13Because of the sins of her prophets and the evil of her priests, Who exploited good and trusting people, robbing them of their lives,
14These prophets and priests blindly grope their way through the streets, grimy and stained from their dirty lives, Wasted by their wasted lives, shuffling from fatigue, dressed in rags.
15People yell at them, “Get out of here, dirty old men! Get lost, don’t touch us, don’t infect us!” They have to leave town. They wander off. Nobody wants them to stay here. Everyone knows, wherever they wander, that they’ve been kicked out of their own hometown.
16God himself scattered them. No longer does he look out for them. He has nothing to do with the priests; he cares nothing for the elders.
17We watched and watched, wore our eyes out looking for help. And nothing. We mounted our lookouts and looked for the help that never showed up.
18They tracked us down, those hunters. It wasn’t safe to go out in the street. Our end was near, our days numbered. We were doomed.
19They came after us faster than eagles in flight, pressed us hard in the mountains, ambushed us in the desert.
20Our king, our life’s breath, the anointed of God, was caught in their traps— Our king under whose protection we always said we’d live.
21Celebrate while you can, O Edom! Live it up in Uz! For it won’t be long before you drink this cup, too. You’ll find out what it’s like to drink God’s wrath, Get drunk on God’s wrath and wake up with nothing, stripped naked.
22And that’s it for you, Zion. The punishment’s complete. You won’t have to go through this exile again. But Edom, your time is coming: He’ll punish your evil life, put all your sins on display.
5Chapter

Give Us a Fresh Start

1-22“Remember, God, all we’ve been through. Study our plight, the black mark we’ve made in history. Our precious land has been given to outsiders, our homes to strangers. Orphans we are, not a father in sight, and our mothers no better than widows. We have to pay to drink our own water. Even our firewood comes at a price. We’re nothing but slaves, bullied and bowed, worn out and without any rest. We sold ourselves to Assyria and Egypt just to get something to eat. Our parents sinned and are no more, and now we’re paying for the wrongs they did. Slaves rule over us; there’s no escape from their grip. We risk our lives to gather food in the bandit-infested desert. Our skin has turned black as an oven, dried out like old leather from the famine. Our wives were raped in the streets in Zion, and our virgins in the cities of Judah. They hanged our princes by their hands, dishonored our elders. Strapping young men were put to women’s work, mere boys forced to do men’s work. The city gate is empty of wise elders. Music from the young is heard no more. All the joy is gone from our hearts. Our dances have turned into dirges. The crown of glory has toppled from our head. Woe! Woe! Would that we’d never sinned! Because of all this we’re heartsick; we can’t see through the tears. On Mount Zion, wrecked and ruined, jackals pace and prowl. And yet, God, you’re sovereign still, your throne intact and eternal. So why do you keep forgetting us? Why dump us and leave us like this? Bring us back to you, God—we’re ready to come back. Give us a fresh start. As it is, you’ve cruelly disowned us. You’ve been so very angry with us.”
Study
Chapter 3
CSB

ב Beth

ג Gimel

ד Daleth

ה He

ו Waw

ז Zayin

Atheism turns out to be too simple. If the whole universe has no meaning, we should never have found out that it has no meaning; just as, if there were no light in the universe and therefore no creatures with eyes, we should never know it was dark.

—C. S. Lewis

ח Cheth

ט Teth

י Yod

כ Kaph

ל Lamed

מ Mem

נ Nun

ס Samek

פ Pe

ע Ayin

צ Tsade

ק Qoph

ר Resh

שׂ Sin / שׁ Shin

ת Taw

ESV

I Am the Man Who Has Seen Affliction. Chapter 3 has one speaker, a man who has endured suffering and experienced God’s faithfulness (vv. 1–24) and responded to God’s sovereignty and goodness (vv. 25–39). He prays for renewal (vv. 40–47) and maintains confidence in God’s concern for him and Israel (vv. 48–66).

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Enduring Suffering, Experiencing Faithfulness. This section describes the speaker’s loss (vv. 1–18) and regaining of hope (vv. 19–24).

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I am the man. A new speaker, who has experienced God’s wrath and desires to teach others what he has learned. Darkness without any light describes the severity of the day of the Lord (cf. Joel 2:1–2; Amos 5:18; Zeph. 1:14–16).

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He has made my flesh and my skin waste away. Lit., “he has swallowed up my flesh and my skin.” For “swallow” as a metaphor for judgment, see 2:2, 5, 8, 16. he has broken. For “breaking” as a metaphor for punishment, see 1:15 (“crush”) and 2:9. Jerusalem was besieged by Babylon; the speaker in this chapter (see note on 3:1–2) was besieged by bitterness and tribulation. For darkness, see note on vv. 1–2. like the dead of long ago. Like persons put in a dark place and forgotten (cf. Ps. 74:18–20; 88:3–7; 143:3).

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walled. God has imprisoned the speaker (Job 19:8; Hos. 2:6). Even if the speaker had escaped his prison, God made certain that his path to freedom was blocked.

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Even if the speaker had taken the dangerous path to freedom, God was like a bear waiting to attack.

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God bent his bow (see 2:4) and made the speaker a target. Indeed, God succeeded in hitting the speaker with the arrows of his quiver.

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Like Jerusalem (1:7), the speaker has endured shame and mocking.

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bitterness. For his food; see v. 5. wormwood. For his drink. This plant has a bitter taste and is often used as a metaphor for hardship and sorrow (v. 19; Prov. 5:4; Amos 5:7; 6:12).

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teeth grind on gravel. Akin to the English phrase “eating dirt.”

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Since God treats both Jerusalem (2:4–5) and the speaker (3:1–16) as enemies, he has lost peace, happiness, and hope. The true source of a believer’s hope for the future is from the LORD.

ESV

A prayer for God to remember all that the man has suffered. God has not remembered Jerusalem, to protect her (cf. note on 2:1). wormwood. See 3:15. gall. Or, “bitterness,” cf. vv. 5, 15. Remembering what he asks God to remember causes his soul to bow down.

ESV

This verse marks a change in the speaker’s attitude. The contentment he remembers renews the hope lost in v. 18. In view of vv. 22–23, 32, he may be reflecting on Ex. 34:6–7, which these verses echo.

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God’s steadfast love (his “covenant mercy” or beneficial action on his people’s behalf) never ceases, even in the face of Judah’s unfaithfulness and the resulting “day of the LORD” (cf. Joel 2:1–2; Amos 5:18; Zeph. 1:14–16). mercies. Or “compassion.” This type of mercy goes the second mile, replacing judgment with restoration. never come to an end. God is willing to begin anew with those who repent.

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new every morning. Each day presents another opportunity to experience God’s grace. faithfulness. God’s covenantal fidelity and personal integrity remain intact no matter what happens.

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my portion. As with the Levites (Num. 18:20), God is the speaker’s only inheritance (see Ps. 73:26). says my soul. This is what the speaker remembers in Lam. 3:21. I will hope in him. God daily offers fresh opportunities for reconciliation (cf. v. 18).

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Responding to God’s Goodness and Sovereignty. The speaker emphasizes God’s goodness (vv. 25–30), justice (vv. 31–36), and lordship (vv. 37–39).

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The LORD is good. God’s goodness, or gracious sovereignty, is the core of his character (Neh. 9:25; Ps. 34:8; 86:5; Hos. 3:5). wait for him. Not passive, listless sitting, but faithful serving until God acts (Ps. 37:1–11). seeks him. Desires to know him and to do his will (Ps. 34:10; Amos 5:4, 6, 14).

ESV

wait quietly. In a posture of prayer and expectation. salvation. In this instance, deliverance from peril, not salvation from sin.

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He must bear the yoke of punishment for sin (v. 18; cf. 1:14). In his youth indicates that the suffering is temporary.

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sit alone in silence. See 1:1 and 2:10.

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put his mouth in the dust. Assume a posture that expresses humility and dependence on God. There may yet be hope because of God’s covenant fidelity (cf. v. 24).

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give his cheek. Those who wait on and seek for God can accept humiliation as coming from God for a purpose.

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not cast off forever. God’s anger is only temporary (Ps. 103:9), for he sends judgment in order to effect restoration. Though he cause grief, in this instance, because of the people’s covenant infidelity, he will have compassion. See Ex. 34:6–7; Lam. 3:22; Hos. 11:1–9. steadfast love. See Lam. 3:22. does not afflict from his heart. God’s first instinct is not to punish. He does so only when his patience with sinners does not lead to their repentance.

ESV

The Lord does not approve (v. 36) of those who crush others underfoot (perhaps a reference to the Israelites who were crushed by Babylon), of those who deny a man justice (cf. Ex. 23:2, 6; Deut. 16:19; 24:17; 27:19; Ps. 94:1–7), or of those who subvert a man in his lawsuit, that is, who make the innocent party guilty.

CSB

The point of this passage is that there is no other god who can decree anything and make it come to pass. If anything at all happens, it is because the Lord has commanded and orchestrated it (Is 45:7; Jr 32:42; Am 3:6). But even if biblical figures implied that God brought adversity (Jb 2:10), to say that God is helpless to stop adversity would be to misread the Bible and destroy hope. God is all-powerful; if he can control adversity, it follows that any adversity that comes occurs only at his decree (Jb 2:10; Lm 1:5,12,21; 3:1-16) for the purpose of judgment or discipline.

But God is not the Author of evil that comes as the result of poor choices people make. This passage was written against the background of the demise of Judah and Jerusalem, which Jeremiah saw as the consequence of the breaking of the Lord’s covenant with his people. In giving the covenant, the Lord pronounced both blessings and curses (Lv 26; Dt 28), so that “both adversity and good come” from his mouth. God had not caused the enemies of his people to be evil; it was their own choice to refuse the Lord and his ways that made them so; God then channeled their evil (Ps 76:10) to accomplish his purposes of judgment against those who were unfaithful to his covenant. But his aim, all along, had been to move them to repentance (Jr 36:3; Lm 3:31-33; Am 4:10-11; see Heb 12:9-11). Jeremiah was dealing with a specific historical situation in which the covenant sanctions had been applied, not with the general question of where evil comes from. As to the Bible’s answer to that question, it is clear that evil comes from Satan, “the evil one,” and that people—made in God’s image—have the ability to resist that evil if they are willing to do so (Eph 6:16; Jms 4:7; 1Pt 5:8).

ESV

spoken and it came to pass. Just as in creation (cf. Gen. 1:3; Ps. 33:9), God sovereignly speaks and commands in history and things happen, including Jerusalem’s destruction (Lam. 1:5, 12–16; 2:1–10).

ESV

good and bad. As experienced by human beings (cf. Isa. 45:7; Amos 3:6). The God who sent judgment can also send renewal.

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When people suffer for their sins, they suffer because of what they have done, not because God enjoys punishing them (cf. v. 33).

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Praying for Renewal. With his hope renewed, the speaker exhorts others to join him in prayer for restoration.

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The people should lift up their hearts (where repentance originates; cf. Deut. 4:30–31; 30:1–10; Jer. 4:3–4) and their hands, showing their total dependence on God. God in heaven. A reference to his sovereignty (cf. Lam. 3:37–39).

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We have transgressed. See 1:5, 14, 22. rebelled. See 1:18, 20. you have not forgiven. God has not let their actions go unpunished.

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God has pursued his people (see 1:3, 6; 4:19; 5:5), killing them (see 2:4, 21) without pity (see 2:2, 17, 22). His judgment has been thorough. He has wrapped himself in anger toward Jerusalem but has also wrapped himself in a cloud, having seemingly become unavailable to his own people.

CSB

This outburst was not a denial of God’s willingness to hear prayer; it was an emotional appeal from one to whom it seemed that God had turned a deaf ear (3:8; Ps 13:1). In the end, the Lord did hear him (Lm 3:55-58). However, it is the case that the Lord may refuse to acknowledge the prayers of the unrepentant (v. 42; Pr 1:24-28; Is 1:15; Jr 11:11; Zch 7:13; see 1Pt 3:7).

ESV

Jerusalem has become garbage in the eyes of other nations (cf. 1:7–8; 2:15–16; 3:14). She endures great shame.

ESV

panic. The natural human reaction to divine judgment (cf. Ex. 15:16; Isa. 19:16; 33:14; Jer. 49:5; Mic. 7:17). pitfall. A trap or pit dug for catching animals; thus, a metaphor for judgment (cf. Isa. 24:17; Jer. 48:43). devastation and destruction. See Lam. 2:11; 3:48; 4:10. Such are the effects of the “day of the LORD” (cf. Joel 2:1–2; Amos 5:18; Zeph. 1:14–16).

ESV

Maintaining Confidence in God. The speaker continues his efforts to lead the people back to God. He describes his grief over Jerusalem’s predicament (vv. 48–51), declares what the enemy has done (vv. 52–54), confesses God’s past help (vv. 55–58), and confidently asks God to punish Jerusalem’s foes (vv. 59–66).

ESV

my eyes flow with … tears. Like Jerusalem (1:16; 2:11, 18), the speaker weeps for what has happened to the city. the daughter of my people. A term of endearment for Jerusalem (cf. 2:11). For similar imagery, see 1:6; 2:1, 4, 8, 10, 13, 18; 4:22 (“daughter of Zion”); 1:15; 2:2, 5 (“daughter of Judah”); 2:13, 15 (“daughter of Jerusalem”); and 3:51 (“daughters of my city”).

ESV

Like Jeremiah (Jer. 14:17), the speaker mourns without ceasing for the people’s situation so that God will answer from heaven.

ESV

my eyes cause me grief. What he has witnessed penetrates to the speaker’s inner being. the fate of all the daughters of my city. Jerusalem’s women were taken into captivity, and many were likely raped or abused in other ways (cf. Jer. 52:28–30; Amos 1:13–15).

ESV

hunted like a bird. See vv. 12–13. The speaker has suffered alongside the people. enemies without cause. Like Jeremiah, he endured some measure of persecution by those he tried to help. This may also refer to Judah suffering at the hands of nations like Edom (cf. 4:21; Obad. 10–14). flung me alive into the pit. To silence and punish him (cf. Jer. 37:11–16; 38:4–28). cast stones on me. As if to bury him alive. water closed over my head. An even worse fate than Jeremiah suffered (cf. Ps. 88:6–7; Jonah 2:3–5). I am lost. There seemed to be no hope (cf. Lam. 3:18).

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In the depths of the pit (the extremity of his suffering), the speaker called upon the very one who had placed him there. you heard my plea. Cf. Ps. 30:2; 40:2–4; 103:4. God not only came near, offering his comforting and saving presence, but also gave reassuring and empowering words of courage (Do not fear!). Cf. Jer. 1:17–19.

ESV

taken up my cause. God has become the speaker’s advocate against his attackers (v. 52). redeemed my life. God’s advocacy resulted in deliverance (cf. Lev. 25:47–54; Ruth 4:1–12; Jer. 1:17–19; 39:11–40:6).

ESV

God has seen the wrong done to the speaker. Jerusalem prayed for this in 1:9, 11, 20. True relief cannot come until God judges in favor of the speaker and against his enemies for all their plots (cf. Jer. 11:18–12:6; 17:18; 18:23).

ESV

taunts. See v. 30; Ps. 69:9; 79:4; Jer. 20:10–12. all their plots. See Lam. 3:60. Behold. Or “look closely” (cf. 1:11; 2:20; 5:1).

ESV

You will give them dullness of heart. God will give them hard hearts, unwilling to repent and avoid judgment (Isa. 6:8–10). your curse. The judgment that comes as the consequences of their actions (cf. Deut. 28:15–68), not some sort of magical incantation.

ESV

You will pursue … and destroy them. For “pursue,” see 1:3, 6; 3:43; 4:19; 5:5. in anger. Or “wrath” (cf. 1:12; 2:1, 3, 6; 3:43). God will bring the same type of justice to Jerusalem’s enemies that Jerusalem has experienced (cf. v. 64).