Lamentations

1Chapter

Worthless, Cheap, Abject!

1Oh, oh, oh . . . How empty the city, once teeming with people. A widow, this city, once in the front rank of nations, once queen of the ball, she’s now a drudge in the kitchen.
2She cries herself to sleep each night, tears soaking her pillow. No one’s left among her lovers to sit and hold her hand. Her friends have all dumped her.
3After years of pain and hard labor, Judah has gone into exile. She camps out among the nations, never feels at home. Hunted by all, she’s stuck between a rock and a hard place.
4Zion’s roads weep, empty of pilgrims headed to the feasts. All her city gates are deserted, her priests in despair. Her virgins are sad. How bitter her fate.
5Her enemies have become her masters. Her foes are living it up because God laid her low, punishing her repeated rebellions. Her children, prisoners of the enemy, trudge into exile.
6All beauty has drained from Daughter Zion’s face. Her princes are like deer famished for food, chased to exhaustion by hunters.
7Jerusalem remembers the day she lost everything, when her people fell into enemy hands, and not a soul there to help. Enemies looked on and laughed, laughed at her helpless silence.
8Jerusalem, who outsinned the whole world, is an outcast. All who admired her despise her now that they see beneath the surface. Miserable, she groans and turns away in shame.
9She played fast and loose with life, she never considered tomorrow, and now she’s crashed royally, with no one to hold her hand: “Look at my pain, O God! And how the enemy cruelly struts.”
10The enemy reached out to take all her favorite things. She watched as pagans barged into her Sanctuary, those very people for whom you posted orders: keep out: this assembly off-limits.
11All the people groaned, so desperate for food, so desperate to stay alive that they bartered their favorite things for a bit of breakfast: “O God, look at me! Worthless, cheap, abject!
12“And you passersby, look at me! Have you ever seen anything like this? Ever seen pain like my pain, seen what he did to me, what God did to me in his rage?
13“He struck me with lightning, skewered me from head to foot, then he set traps all around so I could hardly move. He left me with nothing—left me sick, and sick of living.
14“He wove my sins into a rope and harnessed me to captivity’s yoke. I’m goaded by cruel taskmasters.
15“The Master piled up my best soldiers in a heap, then called in thugs to break their fine young necks. The Master crushed the life out of fair virgin Judah.
16“For all this I weep, weep buckets of tears, and not a soul within miles around cares for my soul. My children are wasted, my enemy got his way.”
17Zion reached out for help, but no one helped. God ordered Jacob’s enemies to surround him, and now no one wants anything to do with Jerusalem.
18“God has right on his side. I’m the one who did wrong. Listen everybody! Look at what I’m going through! My fair young women, my fine young men, all herded into exile!
19“I called to my friends; they betrayed me. My priests and my leaders only looked after themselves, trying but failing to save their own skins.
20“O God, look at the trouble I’m in! My stomach in knots, my heart wrecked by a life of rebellion. Massacres in the streets, starvation in the houses.
21“Oh, listen to my groans. No one listens, no one cares. When my enemies heard of the trouble you gave me, they cheered. Bring on Judgment Day! Let them get what I got!
22“Take a good look at their evil ways and give it to them! Give them what you gave me for my sins. Groaning in pain, body and soul, I’ve had all I can take.”
2Chapter

God Walked Away from His Holy Temple

1Oh, oh, oh . . . How the Master has cut down Daughter Zion from the skies, dashed Israel’s glorious city to earth, in his anger treated his favorite as throwaway junk.
2The Master, without a second thought, took Israel in one gulp. Raging, he smashed Judah’s defenses, ground her king and princes to a pulp.
3His anger blazing, he knocked Israel flat, broke Israel’s arm and turned his back just as the enemy approached, came on Jacob like a wildfire from every direction.
4Like an enemy, he aimed his bow, bared his sword, and killed our young men, our pride and joy. His anger, like fire, burned down the homes in Zion.
5The Master became the enemy. He had Israel for supper. He chewed up and spit out all the defenses. He left Daughter Judah moaning and groaning.
6He plowed up his old trysting place, trashed his favorite rendezvous. God wiped out Zion’s memories of feast days and Sabbaths, angrily sacked king and priest alike.
7God abandoned his altar, walked away from his holy Temple and turned the fortifications over to the enemy. As they cheered in God’s Temple, you’d have thought it was a feast day!
8God drew up plans to tear down the walls of Daughter Zion. He assembled his crew, set to work and went at it. Total demolition! The stones wept!
9Her city gates, iron bars and all, disappeared in the rubble: her kings and princes off to exile—no one left to instruct or lead; her prophets useless—they neither saw nor heard anything from God.
10The elders of Daughter Zion sit silent on the ground. They throw dust on their heads, dress in rough penitential burlap— the young virgins of Jerusalem, their faces creased with the dirt.
11My eyes are blind with tears, my stomach in a knot. My insides have turned to jelly over my people’s fate. Babies and children are fainting all over the place,
12Calling to their mothers, “I’m hungry! I’m thirsty!” then fainting like dying soldiers in the streets, breathing their last in their mothers’ laps.
13How can I understand your plight, dear Jerusalem? What can I say to give you comfort, dear Zion? Who can put you together again? This bust-up is past understanding.
14Your prophets courted you with sweet talk. They didn’t face you with your sin so that you could repent. Their sermons were all wishful thinking, deceptive illusions.
15Astonished, passersby can’t believe what they see. They rub their eyes, they shake their heads over Jerusalem. Is this the city voted “Most Beautiful” and “Best Place to Live”?
16But now your enemies gape, slack-jawed. Then they rub their hands in glee: “We’ve got them! We’ve been waiting for this! Here it is!”
17God did carry out, item by item, exactly what he said he’d do. He always said he’d do this. Now he’s done it—torn the place down. He’s let your enemies walk all over you, declared them world champions!
18Give out heart-cries to the Master, dear repentant Zion. Let the tears roll like a river, day and night, and keep at it—no time-outs. Keep those tears flowing!
19As each night watch begins, get up and cry out in prayer. Pour your heart out face-to-face with the Master. Lift high your hands. Beg for the lives of your children who are starving to death out on the streets.
20“Look at us, God. Think it over. Have you ever treated anyone like this? Should women eat their own babies, the very children they raised? Should priests and prophets be murdered in the Master’s own Sanctuary?
21“Boys and old men lie in the gutters of the streets, my young men and women killed in their prime. Angry, you killed them in cold blood, cut them down without mercy.
22“You invited, like friends to a party, men to swoop down in attack so that on the big day of God’s wrath no one would get away. The children I loved and reared—gone, gone, gone.”
3Chapter

God Locked Me Up in Deep Darkness

1-3I’m the man who has seen trouble, trouble coming from the lash of God’s anger. He took me by the hand and walked me into pitch-black darkness. Yes, he’s given me the back of his hand over and over and over again.
4-6He turned me into a skeleton of skin and bones, then broke the bones. He hemmed me in, ganged up on me, poured on the trouble and hard times. He locked me up in deep darkness, like a corpse nailed inside a coffin.
7-9He shuts me in so I’ll never get out, handcuffs my wrists, shackles my feet. Even when I cry out and plead for help, he locks up my prayers and throws away the key. He sets up blockades with quarried limestone. He’s got me cornered.
10-12He’s a prowling bear tracking me down, a lion in hiding ready to pounce. He knocked me from the path and ripped me to pieces. When he finished, there was nothing left of me. He took out his bow and arrows and used me for target practice.
13-15He shot me in the stomach with arrows from his quiver. Everyone took me for a joke, made me the butt of their mocking ballads. He forced rotten, stinking food down my throat, bloated me with vile drinks.
16-18He ground my face into the gravel. He pounded me into the mud. I gave up on life altogether. I’ve forgotten what the good life is like. I said to myself, “This is it. I’m finished. God is a lost cause.”

It’s a Good Thing to Hope for Help from God

19-21I’ll never forget the trouble, the utter lostness, the taste of ashes, the poison I’ve swallowed. I remember it all—oh, how well I remember— the feeling of hitting the bottom. But there’s one other thing I remember, and remembering, I keep a grip on hope:
22-24God’s loyal love couldn’t have run out, his merciful love couldn’t have dried up. They’re created new every morning. How great your faithfulness! I’m sticking with God (I say it over and over). He’s all I’ve got left.
25-27God proves to be good to the man who passionately waits, to the woman who diligently seeks. It’s a good thing to quietly hope, quietly hope for help from God. It’s a good thing when you’re young to stick it out through the hard times.
28-30When life is heavy and hard to take, go off by yourself. Enter the silence. Bow in prayer. Don’t ask questions: Wait for hope to appear. Don’t run from trouble. Take it full-face. The “worst” is never the worst.
31-33Why? Because the Master won’t ever walk out and fail to return. If he works severely, he also works tenderly. His stockpiles of loyal love are immense. He takes no pleasure in making life hard, in throwing roadblocks in the way:
34-36Stomping down hard on luckless prisoners, Refusing justice to victims in the court of High God, Tampering with evidence— the Master does not approve of such things.

God Speaks Both Good Things and Hard Things into Being

37-39Who do you think “spoke and it happened”? It’s the Master who gives such orders. Doesn’t the High God speak everything, good things and hard things alike, into being? And why would anyone gifted with life complain when punished for sin?
40-42Let’s take a good look at the way we’re living and reorder our lives under God. Let’s lift our hearts and hands at one and the same time, praying to God in heaven: “We’ve been contrary and willful, and you haven’t forgiven.
43-45“You lost your temper with us, holding nothing back. You chased us and cut us down without mercy. You wrapped yourself in thick blankets of clouds so no prayers could get through. You treated us like dirty dishwater, threw us out in the backyard of the nations.
46-48“Our enemies shout abuse, their mouths full of derision, spitting invective. We’ve been to hell and back. We’ve nowhere to turn, nowhere to go. Rivers of tears pour from my eyes at the smashup of my dear people.
49-51“The tears stream from my eyes, an artesian well of tears, Until you, God, look down from on high, look and see my tears. When I see what’s happened to the young women in the city, the pain breaks my heart.
52-54“Enemies with no reason to be enemies hunted me down like a bird. They threw me into a pit, then pelted me with stones. Then the rains came and filled the pit. The water rose over my head. I said, ‘It’s all over.’
55-57“I called out your name, O God, called from the bottom of the pit. You listened when I called out, ‘Don’t shut your ears! Get me out of here! Save me!’ You came close when I called out. You said, ‘It’s going to be all right.’
58-60“You took my side, Master; you brought me back alive! God, you saw the wrongs heaped on me. Give me my day in court! Yes, you saw their mean-minded schemes, their plots to destroy me.
61-63“You heard, God, their vicious gossip, their behind-my-back plots to ruin me. They never quit, these enemies of mine, dreaming up mischief, hatching malice, day after day after day. Sitting down or standing up—just look at them!— they mock me with vulgar doggerel.
64-66“Make them pay for what they’ve done, God. Give them their just deserts. Break their miserable hearts! Damn their eyes! Get good and angry. Hunt them down. Make a total demolition here under your heaven!”
4Chapter

Waking Up with Nothing

1Oh, oh, oh . . . How gold is treated like dirt, the finest gold thrown out with the garbage, Priceless jewels scattered all over, jewels loose in the gutters.
2And the people of Zion, once prized, far surpassing their weight in gold, Are now treated like cheap pottery, like everyday pots and bowls mass-produced by a potter.
3Even wild jackals nurture their babies, give them their breasts to suckle. But my people have turned cruel to their babies, like an ostrich in the wilderness.
4Babies have nothing to drink. Their tongues stick to the roofs of their mouths. Little children ask for bread but no one gives them so much as a crust.
5People used to the finest cuisine forage for food in the streets. People used to the latest in fashions pick through the trash for something to wear.
6The evil guilt of my dear people was worse than the sin of Sodom— The city was destroyed in a flash, and no one around to help.
7The splendid and sacred nobles once glowed with health. Their bodies were robust and ruddy, their beards like carved stone.
8But now they are smeared with soot, unrecognizable in the street, Their bones sticking out, their skin dried out like old leather.
9Better to have been killed in battle than killed by starvation. Better to have died of battle wounds than to slowly starve to death.
10Nice and kindly women boiled their own children for supper. This was the only food in town when my dear people were broken.
11God let all his anger loose, held nothing back. He poured out his raging wrath. He set a fire in Zion that burned it to the ground.
12The kings of the earth couldn’t believe it. World rulers were in shock, Watching old enemies march in big as you please, right through Jerusalem’s gates.
13Because of the sins of her prophets and the evil of her priests, Who exploited good and trusting people, robbing them of their lives,
14These prophets and priests blindly grope their way through the streets, grimy and stained from their dirty lives, Wasted by their wasted lives, shuffling from fatigue, dressed in rags.
15People yell at them, “Get out of here, dirty old men! Get lost, don’t touch us, don’t infect us!” They have to leave town. They wander off. Nobody wants them to stay here. Everyone knows, wherever they wander, that they’ve been kicked out of their own hometown.
16God himself scattered them. No longer does he look out for them. He has nothing to do with the priests; he cares nothing for the elders.
17We watched and watched, wore our eyes out looking for help. And nothing. We mounted our lookouts and looked for the help that never showed up.
18They tracked us down, those hunters. It wasn’t safe to go out in the street. Our end was near, our days numbered. We were doomed.
19They came after us faster than eagles in flight, pressed us hard in the mountains, ambushed us in the desert.
20Our king, our life’s breath, the anointed of God, was caught in their traps— Our king under whose protection we always said we’d live.
21Celebrate while you can, O Edom! Live it up in Uz! For it won’t be long before you drink this cup, too. You’ll find out what it’s like to drink God’s wrath, Get drunk on God’s wrath and wake up with nothing, stripped naked.
22And that’s it for you, Zion. The punishment’s complete. You won’t have to go through this exile again. But Edom, your time is coming: He’ll punish your evil life, put all your sins on display.
5Chapter

Give Us a Fresh Start

1-22“Remember, God, all we’ve been through. Study our plight, the black mark we’ve made in history. Our precious land has been given to outsiders, our homes to strangers. Orphans we are, not a father in sight, and our mothers no better than widows. We have to pay to drink our own water. Even our firewood comes at a price. We’re nothing but slaves, bullied and bowed, worn out and without any rest. We sold ourselves to Assyria and Egypt just to get something to eat. Our parents sinned and are no more, and now we’re paying for the wrongs they did. Slaves rule over us; there’s no escape from their grip. We risk our lives to gather food in the bandit-infested desert. Our skin has turned black as an oven, dried out like old leather from the famine. Our wives were raped in the streets in Zion, and our virgins in the cities of Judah. They hanged our princes by their hands, dishonored our elders. Strapping young men were put to women’s work, mere boys forced to do men’s work. The city gate is empty of wise elders. Music from the young is heard no more. All the joy is gone from our hearts. Our dances have turned into dirges. The crown of glory has toppled from our head. Woe! Woe! Would that we’d never sinned! Because of all this we’re heartsick; we can’t see through the tears. On Mount Zion, wrecked and ruined, jackals pace and prowl. And yet, God, you’re sovereign still, your throne intact and eternal. So why do you keep forgetting us? Why dump us and leave us like this? Bring us back to you, God—we’re ready to come back. Give us a fresh start. As it is, you’ve cruelly disowned us. You’ve been so very angry with us.”
Study
Chapter 1
CSB

א Aleph

ב Beth

ג Gimel

ד Daleth

ה He

ו Waw

ז Zayin

ח Cheth

ט Teth

י Yod

כ Kaph

ל Lamed

מ Mem

נ Nun

ס Samek

ע Ayin

פ Pe

צ Tsade

ק Qoph

ר Resh

שׁ Shin

ת Taw

א Aleph

CSB

Lamentations is written in the lament meter (three-beat lines alternating with two-beat lines); the first four chapters are in acrostic format, each unit beginning with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet. In the Hebrew Bible, Lamentations is not in the Prophets section but the Writings section, as the fourth of the five “Scrolls” or megillot (Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther).

ESV

How Lonely Sits the City. Lamentations begins with a description of Jerusalem’s devastation (vv. 1–11) and reports of her calls for help (vv. 12–22). Jerusalem speaks in vv. 9b, 11b–16, and 18–22. A narrator speaks in vv. 1–9a, 10–11a, and 17.

ESV

Jerusalem’s Devastation. Jerusalem lies in waste from invasion and conquest. This section depicts her reversals (vv. 1–3), emptiness (vv. 4–6), uncleanness and guilt (vv. 7–9), and groaning (vv. 10–11).

ESV

How (Hb. ’ekah). An exclamation often associated with funeral language for people or cities (cf. Isa. 1:21; Jer. 48:17). Note the contrasts: full of people/lonely; great/widow; princess/slave. Jerusalem’s reversal of fortunes is total.

ESV

Jerusalem weeps bitterly in the night because of her losses (v. 1). lovers … friends. Her former allies (cf. vv. 9, 16, 17, 21; Jer. 22:20–22; 30:14; Ezek. 16:37–41; 23:22–29).

ESV

gone into exile. See Jer. 52:24–30. because of affliction and hard servitude. See Lam. 1:7, 9; 3:1, 19. Exiles were often forced to work unstintingly. Such labor evokes memories of Israel’s Egyptian bondage (cf. Ex. 1:1–14; 2:23; 5:11; 6:6, 9). dwells now among the nations … no resting place. A reversal of God’s own promises to Israel (e.g., Deut. 12:10). pursuers have all overtaken her. See Jer. 39:1–10 (cf. 52:1–11); 40:1–6.

ESV

Devastated Jerusalem lacks worshipers (cf. Jer. 41:4–5) to travel her roads, enter her gates, and attend any festival. The chief priests have been killed (Jer. 52:24–27), and the remaining priests groan. The virgins were women who participated in joyful processions (Ps. 68:24–25), rejoicings and dances (Jer. 31:4), and generally expressed joy. Now they suffer.

CSB

The people had rebelled against the Lord (v. 18), and he had warned them of the impending destruction of their city (Dt 28:36,63-68; 2Kg 17:13-14; Jr 3:6-11). The verse refers to “children” being taken captive; the Hebrew ‘olal can refer to small children, but here it seems to mean all the people of Jerusalem who had acted childishly in refusing the Lord’s appeal. Under the OT concept of corporate solidarity (see notes on Dt 2:34; 5:9), all members of a community participated in the sin of its leaders, including the children. If they turned away from their parents’ sins, they would in the end be forgiven by God (Jr 31:29-30; Ezk 18:19-20; see notes on Dt 24:16; 1Kg 15:11-13).

ESV

her enemies prosper. Babylon has conquered Jerusalem (Jer. 52:1–30) because of her transgressions, i.e., her willfully breaking God’s law (cf. Lam. 1:5, 14, 22; Amos 1:3, 6, 9; etc.). Jerusalem’s sins have affected her children, that is, her inhabitants.

ESV

daughter of Zion. A metaphor for Jerusalem, which rested on Mount Zion like a child on a parent’s shoulder (cf. note on 3:48). her majesty has departed. Most likely God’s glory (Ps. 96:6; 145:5) and kingship (Ps. 104:1; 111:3; 145:5, 12). Judah’s princes were famished with hunger when they fled and were captured (cf. 2 Kings 25:3–5; Jer. 52:6–11).

ESV

In exile the people recall the days of David, Solomon, and Josiah (all the precious things) in days of old. These precious things have been replaced with worthless things like the gloating and mocking of enemies.

ESV

Jerusalem sinned grievously. See v. 5. filthy (lit., “impurity”; cf. v. 17). This may refer to menstrual discharge (Lev. 12:2, 5) but could refer to a willing display of her nakedness. By becoming naked for her lovers (Lam. 1:2) she has become impure to her covenant husband (see Jer. 31:32).

ESV

Her uncleanness. The sins she committed (v. 8) were in her skirts, i.e., they clung to her. She took no thought of her future in the sense that she did not expect things to turn out as they had, despite God’s warnings in Lev. 26:14–46, Deut. 28:15–68, and the Prophetic Books. no comforter. Neither God nor her allies (Lam. 1:2) comfort her. O LORD, behold my affliction. Jerusalem speaks for the first time, asking God to take note of what the enemy has done.

CSB

Unauthorized persons were not to enter the sanctuary, under penalty of death (Nm 3:10). The god of a shrine was expected to defend that shrine (Jdg 6:32), so, for example, when Uzzah touched the ark of the covenant, he died instantly (2Sm 6:6-7). But this passage referred to non-Israelites entering the temple with impunity because the Lord was no longer defending his city and sanctuary (Lm 2:7; 4:12-13). Jeremiah told the people that they could not depend on the Lord defending Jerusalem just because his temple was there; instead, they needed to show by their actions that they trusted in God (Jr 7:3-8). Ezekiel saw in his visions that the glory of God had abandoned the temple (Jr 12:7; Ezk 10:18-19; 11:23).

ESV

The narrator agrees that the enemy has succeeded; the enemy has taken her precious things, such as her children (v. 5). the nations enter her sanctuary. Babylon plundered the temple in 597 B.C. (Jer. 28:1–3) and burned it in 587 (Jer. 52:13). those whom you forbade. See Deut. 23:3–6.

ESV

they search for bread. Jerusalem’s people sought bread during Babylon’s siege (Jer. 37:21). Jerusalem asks God a second time (cf. Lam. 1:9) to see how the enemy treats her.

ESV

Jerusalem’s Call for Help. Jerusalem expresses her acute sorrow (vv. 12–16), which is attested by the narrator (v. 17) and which leads to prayer for relief (vv. 18–22).

ESV

Jerusalem now speaks (vv. 12–16). She addresses those who pass by, perhaps because God has not answered. She wants them to look and see, just as she wanted God to see and act (vv. 9, 11). day of his fierce anger. Cf. Isa. 2:6–22; Jer. 12:3.

ESV

From on high he sent fire. Fire is a common metaphor for judgment (Amos 1:3–2:5). The phrase reminds readers of Sodom and Gomorrah (cf. Gen. 19:23–29; Lam. 4:6). into my bones. The very core of Jerusalem’s being (Jer. 20:9). spread a net. As one does to trap an animal (cf. Ps. 35:7; 57:6; Prov. 29:5; Hos. 7:12).

ESV

A yoke represents power and authority (e.g., Jer. 27:8). God placed Jerusalem under the power of her own sins, which caused her strength to fail, resulting in God giving her into the hands of her foes (cf. Deut. 28:64–68; Jer. 52:1–30).

ESV

rejected. Or “spurned” (Ps. 119:118). he summoned an assembly. God brought an overwhelming fighting force against Jerusalem (Jer. 52:1–30). trodden as in a winepress. Cf. Isa. 63:1–6.

ESV

Jerusalem weeps after the devastation, just like Jeremiah wept (Jer. 13:17) when he predicted it. comforter. See Lam. 1:9. enemy has prevailed. See vv. 7–10.

ESV

The narrator verifies Jerusalem’s claims of loneliness and lack of comfort (cf. vv. 9, 16), God’s sovereignty in the situation (vv. 12–13), and Jerusalem’s sinful past (vv. 5, 9, 14).

ESV

Jerusalem confesses that God is in the right (cf. Ps. 51:4) for judging her rebellion. but hear. Nonetheless, she desires comfort from all you peoples.

ESV

I called to my lovers. Jerusalem asked her allies for help (cf. Jer. 27:1–15; 37:1–10), but to no avail. they deceived me. They promised help they could not or would not deliver. priests and elders. Religious and civic leaders who misled the people (cf. Jer. 2:8, 26). perished … while they sought food. A pitiable end, regardless of their spiritual condition.

ESV

Again Jerusalem asks God to look at her distress (cf. vv. 9, 11). Her stomach churns. Her “inward parts” (Isa. 16:11), i.e., the emotions, are in turmoil. I have been very rebellious. See Lam. 1:18. the sword bereaves. See Jer. 15:1–4.

ESV

no one to comfort me. See vv. 9, 16, 17. the day you announced. The day of judgment promised by Moses and the prophets (see vv. 12–13). let them be as I am. Jerusalem asked that God judge her foes, which Jer. 27:7 and 46:1–51:64 indicate will occur in due course.