Joel

1Chapter

Get in Touch with Reality—and Weep!

1-3Attention, elder statesmen! Listen closely, everyone, whoever and wherever you are! Have you ever heard of anything like this? Has anything like this ever happened before—ever? Make sure you tell your children, and your children tell their children, And their children their children. Don’t let this message die out.
4What the chewing locust left, the gobbling locust ate; What the gobbling locust left, the munching locust ate; What the munching locust left, the chomping locust ate.
5-7Sober up, you drunks! Get in touch with reality—and weep! Your supply of booze is cut off. You’re on the wagon, like it or not. My country’s being invaded by an army invincible, past numbering, Teeth like those of a lion, fangs like those of a tiger. It has ruined my vineyards, stripped my orchards, And clear-cut the country. The landscape’s a moonscape.
8-10Weep like a young virgin dressed in black, mourning the loss of her fiancé. Without grain and grapes, worship has been brought to a standstill in the Sanctuary of God. The priests are at a loss. God’s ministers don’t know what to do. The fields are sterile. The very ground grieves. The wheat fields are lifeless, vineyards dried up, olive oil gone.
11-12Dirt farmers, despair! Grape growers, wring your hands! Lament the loss of wheat and barley. All crops have failed. Vineyards dried up, fig trees withered, Pomegranates, date palms, and apple trees— deadwood everywhere! And joy is dried up and withered in the hearts of the people.

Nothing’s Going On in the Place of Worship

13-14And also you priests, put on your robes and join the outcry. You who lead people in worship, lead them in lament. Spend the night dressed in gunnysacks, you servants of my God. Nothing’s going on in the place of worship, no offerings, no prayers—nothing. Declare a holy fast, call a special meeting, get the leaders together, Round up everyone in the country. Get them into God’s Sanctuary for serious prayer to God.
15-18What a day! Doomsday! God’s Judgment Day has come. The Strong God has arrived. This is serious business! Food is just a memory at our tables, as are joy and singing from God’s Sanctuary. The seeds in the field are dead, barns deserted, Grain silos abandoned. Who needs them? The crops have failed! The farm animals groan—oh, how they groan! The cattle mill around. There’s nothing for them to eat. Not even the sheep find anything.
19-20God! I pray, I cry out to you! The fields are burning up, The country is a dust bowl, forest and prairie fires rage unchecked. Wild animals, dying of thirst, look to you for a drink. Springs and streams are dried up. The whole country is burning up.
2Chapter

The Locust Army

1-3Blow the ram’s horn trumpet in Zion! Trumpet the alarm on my holy mountain! Shake the country up! God’s Judgment’s on its way—the Day’s almost here! A black day! A Doomsday! Clouds with no silver lining! Like dawn light moving over the mountains, a huge army is coming. There’s never been anything like it and never will be again. Wildfire burns everything before this army and fire licks up everything in its wake. Before it arrives, the country is like the Garden of Eden. When it leaves, it is Death Valley. Nothing escapes unscathed.
4-6The locust army seems all horses— galloping horses, an army of horses. It sounds like thunder leaping on mountain ridges, Or like the roar of wildfire through grass and brush, Or like an invincible army shouting for blood, ready to fight, straining at the bit. At the sight of this army, the people panic, faces white with terror.
7-11The invaders charge. They climb barricades. Nothing stops them. Each soldier does what he’s told, so disciplined, so determined. They don’t get in each other’s way. Each one knows his job and does it. Undaunted and fearless, unswerving, unstoppable. They storm the city, swarm its defenses, Loot the houses, breaking down doors, smashing windows. They arrive like an earthquake, sweep through like a tornado. Sun and moon turn out their lights, stars black out. God himself bellows in thunder as he commands his forces. Look at the size of that army! And the strength of those who obey him! God’s Judgment Day—great and terrible. Who can possibly survive this?

Change Your Life

12But there’s also this, it’s not too late— God’s personal Message!— “Come back to me and really mean it! Come fasting and weeping, sorry for your sins!”
13-14Change your life, not just your clothes. Come back to God, your God. And here’s why: God is kind and merciful. He takes a deep breath, puts up with a lot, This most patient God, extravagant in love, always ready to cancel catastrophe. Who knows? Maybe he’ll do it now, maybe he’ll turn around and show pity. Maybe, when all’s said and done, there’ll be blessings full and robust for your God!
15-17Blow the ram’s horn trumpet in Zion! Declare a day of repentance, a holy fast day. Call a public meeting. Get everyone there. Consecrate the congregation. Make sure the elders come, but bring in the children, too, even the nursing babies, Even men and women on their honeymoon— interrupt them and get them there. Between Sanctuary entrance and altar, let the priests, God’s servants, weep tears of repentance. Let them intercede: “Have mercy, God, on your people! Don’t abandon your heritage to contempt. Don’t let the pagans take over and rule them and sneer, ‘And so where is this God of theirs?’”
18-20At that, God went into action to get his land back. He took pity on his people. God answered and spoke to his people, “Look, listen—I’m sending a gift: Grain and wine and olive oil. The fast is over—eat your fill! I won’t expose you any longer to contempt among the pagans. I’ll head off the final enemy coming out of the north and dump them in a wasteland. Half of them will end up in the Dead Sea, the other half in the Mediterranean. There they’ll rot, a stench to high heaven. The bigger the enemy, the stronger the stench!”

The Trees Are Bearing Fruit Again

21-24Fear not, Earth! Be glad and celebrate! God has done great things. Fear not, wild animals! The fields and meadows are greening up. The trees are bearing fruit again: a bumper crop of fig trees and vines! Children of Zion, celebrate! Be glad in your God. He’s giving you a teacher to train you how to live right— Teaching, like rain out of heaven, showers of words to refresh and nourish your soul, just as he used to do. And plenty of food for your body—silos full of grain, casks of wine and barrels of olive oil.
25-27“I’ll make up for the years of the locust, the great locust devastation— Locusts savage, locusts deadly, fierce locusts, locusts of doom, That great locust invasion I sent your way. You’ll eat your fill of good food. You’ll be full of praises to your God, The God who has set you back on your heels in wonder. Never again will my people be despised. You’ll know without question that I’m in the thick of life with Israel, That I’m your God, yes, your God, the one and only real God. Never again will my people be despised.

The Sun Turning Black and the Moon Blood-Red

28-32“I will pour out my Spirit on every kind of people: Your sons will prophesy, also your daughters. Your old men will dream, your young men will see visions. I’ll even pour out my Spirit on the servants, men and women both. I’ll set wonders in the sky above and signs on the earth below: Blood and fire and billowing smoke, the sun turning black and the moon blood-red, Before the Judgment Day of God, the Day tremendous and awesome. Whoever calls, ‘Help, God!’ gets help. On Mount Zion and in Jerusalem there will be a great rescue—just as God said. Included in the survivors are those that God calls.”
3Chapter

God Is a Safe Hiding Place

1-3“In those days, yes, at that very time when I put life back together again for Judah and Jerusalem, I’ll assemble all the godless nations. I’ll lead them down into Judgment Valley And put them all on trial, and judge them one and all because of their treatment of my own people Israel. They scattered my people all over the pagan world and grabbed my land for themselves. They threw dice for my people and used them for barter. They would trade a boy for a whore, sell a girl for a bottle of wine when they wanted a drink.
4-8“As for you, Tyre and Sidon and Philistia, why should I bother with you? Are you trying to get back at me for something I did to you? If you are, forget it. I’ll see to it that it boomerangs on you. You robbed me, cleaned me out of silver and gold, carted off everything valuable to furnish your own temples. You sold the people of Judah and Jerusalem into slavery to the Greeks in faraway places. But I’m going to reverse your crime. I’m going to free those slaves. I’ll have done to you what you did to them: I’ll sell your children as slaves to your neighbors, And they’ll sell them to the far-off Sabeans.” God’s Verdict.
9-11Announce this to the godless nations: Prepare for battle! Soldiers at attention! Present arms! Advance! Turn your shovels into swords, turn your hoes into spears. Let the weak one throw out his chest and say, “I’m tough, I’m a fighter.” Hurry up, pagans! Wherever you are, get a move on! Get your act together. Prepare to be shattered by God!
12Let the pagan nations set out for Judgment Valley. There I’ll take my place at the bench and judge all the surrounding nations.
13“Swing the sickle— the harvest is ready. Stomp on the grapes— the winepress is full. The wine vats are full, overflowing with vintage evil.
14“Mass confusion, mob uproar— in Decision Valley! God’s Judgment Day has arrived in Decision Valley.
15-17“The sky turns black, sun and moon go dark, stars burn out. God roars from Zion, shouts from Jerusalem. Earth and sky quake in terror. But God is a safe hiding place, a granite safe house for the children of Israel. Then you’ll know for sure that I’m your God, Living in Zion, my sacred mountain. Jerusalem will be a sacred city, posted: ‘no trespassing.’

Milk Rivering out of the Hills

18-21“What a day! Wine streaming off the mountains, Milk rivering out of the hills, water flowing everywhere in Judah, A fountain pouring out of God’s Sanctuary, watering all the parks and gardens! But Egypt will be reduced to weeds in a vacant lot, Edom turned into barren badlands, All because of brutalities to the Judean people, the atrocities and murders of helpless innocents. Meanwhile, Judah will be filled with people, Jerusalem inhabited forever. The sins I haven’t already forgiven, I’ll forgive.” God has moved into Zion for good.
Study
Chapter 2
CSB

RALPH MUNCASTER: Hardcore Skeptic Turned Bible Teacher

Former business executive Ralph Muncaster once described himself as a hardcore atheist. Ralph claimed to have attended approximately 1,456 hours of Sunday School and yet was never convinced that God exists. In his words, “I once held a very strong belief in evolution, because that’s what I was taught in school. Realizing that there was only one ‘origin’ of the universe and that ‘God’ is by definition that Originator, I understood that both God and evolution could not be possible. I even challenged Christians by pointing to ‘evidence’ regarding evolution.”

What changed his mind? “A colleague challenged me to prove the Bible untrue. Pride forced me to ‘match wits’ with him and I accepted the challenge, fully expecting to disprove the Bible. When it checked out historically and the manuscript proved reliable, I dug into creation, evolution and historical prophecy. My life was changed forever as in-depth research indicated that God exists and he is the God of the Bible.”

Ralph now shares his findings worldwide with other skeptics. He has shared his faith before Muslims in a California mosque, addressed NASA scientists on the scientific accuracy of the Bible, and consulted with business leaders about the interactions between faith and work. Wherever God leads, Ralph notes that the evidence is on the side of the Bible. Some may not believe, but that does not mean your message is untrue. Who knows? Someday you might run into a hardcore skeptic who will investigate your message and come to faith, just like Ralph Muncaster. (Adapted from an online interview.)

ESV

The Mercy of the Lord and Judgment against the Nations. The second part of Joel is signaled by the appearance in 2:18 of the Hebrew narrative tense for the first time in the book.

CSB

Pronouncements about the day of the Lord often speak of its imminence—it will come soon, it is impending. Three times Joel declared that the day of the Lord was “near” (v. 1; 1:15; 3:14), and most of the other prophets who referred to the day of the Lord also spoke of it as “near” (Is 13:6; Ezk 30:3; Ob 15; Zph 1:7,14). Zephaniah added that the day was “rapidly approaching”(Zph 1:14). Since well more than two millennia have passed since these prophets wrote, it may seem strange that they used such an expression for an event that is yet to occur.

Christian interpreters who have pondered this biblical phenomenon have arrived at different explanations for it. One consideration is that, because the prophets who spoke of the imminence of the day were themselves widely separated in time (spanning a period of 350 years or more), they did not mean that it would have to arrive within a few years. Their unified witness to the coming of the day speaks not of its timing but of its certainty and of the foreboding associated with it. The devastating judgment could come at any time; this urgency was what they sought to convey.

The tension between the imminence and delay of the day of the Lord is a question taken up in the NT. Peter pointed out that God’s timing may differ from human expectations and that a delay in his timetable for judgment is due to his grace. He wants to afford every possible opportunity for people to repent before bringing the judgment (2Pt 3:8-10).

ESV

Army Invasion: The Arrival of the Day of the Lord. Joel describes the coming of an army, whose arrival may yet be averted by wholehearted return to the Lord. Verses 1–11 describe the coming of this great army, and vv. 12–17 describe the command to return to the Lord.

ESV

Zion is the place of the Lord’s throne. The word generally refers to the temple region but could also signify Jerusalem in its entirety.

ESV

Darkness recalls the Lord’s appearance at Sinai (Ex. 19:16–19; Deut. 4:11; 5:22–23). God’s appearance at Sinai foreshadows his “day” in the future (Amos 5:18–20; Zeph. 1:14–15).

ESV

Fire devours … flame burns. In keeping with biblical imagery regarding God’s coming (Ps. 50:3; 97:3; Isa. 30:27; 66:15), the army is associated with destructive fire (see Joel 1:19). like the garden of Eden … a desolate wilderness. The destructive power of this “great … people” (Hb. ‘am rab, 2:2) can only be compared to the devastation wrought to God’s original creation by mankind’s fall (Gen. 2:8, 10; 3:17–19; 13:10).

ESV

like … horses. (Cf. Job 39:19–20; Jer. 51:27.) Locusts and armies have an analogous appearance, movement, and sound; both are used by Joel to capture the presence of the ultimate powerful army (lit., “mighty people” [Hb. ‘am ‘atsum]).

ESV

they do not swerve. … They do not jostle. This army cannot be thwarted from its assigned course as every member of the unified ranks advances. It executes its actions (leap, run, climb, enter) at will, moving from outside to inside (city, walls, houses, windows).

ESV

before them (lit., “before him”; as in vv. 3, 6). quakes … tremble. … darkened. Only the day of the Lord could produce this “cosmic shakedown.” In many cases in the Prophets, the Hebrew verb ra‘ash (here translated “tremble”) was associated with the end of the age, the return of chaos, and God’s final judgment (Isa. 13:13; 24:18; Jer. 4:23–24; Amos 8:8–9; Nah. 1:5; Hag. 2:6, 21).

ESV

utters his voice. Thunder is associated with the cosmic events of v. 10 (cf. Job 37:4; Ps. 18:13; 77:17; Jer. 10:13). his army. The force that brings such dread and terror is under God’s command. he who executes. The parallelism suggests that “he” refers to the army as executor of the Lord’s command (cf. Ezek. 9:1–11).

ESV

Yet even now … return. There is still time for the people to return to the Lord, that is, to repent of their coldness toward him. all your heart. God calls for undivided devotion.

ESV

Rend your hearts is an expression of internal anguish. This command, coupled with the wholehearted devotion prescribed in v. 12, echoes Deut. 30:6, where a circumcised heart is one that loves God completely. gracious and merciful. God’s unchanging character, described throughout Scripture, is the grounds for his people’s repentance (cf. Ex. 34:6–7).

ESV

Who knows. The sovereign God acts according to his own purposes. turn and relent. The language leaves open the possibility that the Lord, in keeping with his revealed character (cf. Jonah 3:9; 4:2), will bring blessing instead of disaster.

ESV

Consecrate the congregation. As in 1:14, every segment of the religious community assembles for worship, readying themselves to call upon the Lord with a fast (2:15). Even nursing infants, i.e., children still being breast-fed, and newlyweds are not exempt.

ESV

The place of prayer was between the entrance hall to the temple (the vestibule or portico) and the altar. Your people is an appeal to God’s covenantal care for his people. A byword means a “proverb” or “common saying,” often used in scorn. An alternative translation is “to rule over them” (see esv footnote), which makes sense if a foreign, human invasion is in view. Where is their God? is a mocking question from those who doubt that God defends his people (Ps. 79:10; 115:2).

CSB

The Lord responded to the people’s repentance, spared the land, and promised a new era of prosperity. After speaking of the “great army” of destruction that the Lord had sent against Judah (v. 25), Joel turned to his promise of restoration (see 3:1). Many of the Minor Prophets stress that the Lord personally brings disaster for the purpose of punishment or judgment (2:25; Hs 5:14; Am 1:4; Mc 1:12; Nah 1:2; Zph 1:17; Hg 2:17; Zch 8:10). In the prophetic worldview, God is ultimately behind everything that takes place, orchestrating the course of history even when injustice is seemingly allowed to prevail.

As objectionable as such a view of history may appear to people with a modern Western worldview, the Bible clearly presents it. But lest that understanding of history be thought to attribute injustice to God, the Bible also recognizes more immediate causes for things that happen. Such immediate causes could be the natural operating conditions of global life (severe weather, earth tremors, the cycles of living creatures such as locusts) with which God would not interfere without disrupting the stability of his creation. Or they might be the cultural effects of human disregard of God’s directives for conduct and worship (e.g., social disintegration and inequality, violence, crime, international conflict). For Joel, both of these immediate causes combined to present a foretaste of divine judgment, which only God’s gracious purpose in the ultimate establishment of his kingdom can override.

ESV

Mercy: The Lord Responds by Restoring His People. The Lord answers the prayer of v. 17. He restores the reputation of his people (vv. 18–20), the land (vv. 21–27), and his presence through pouring out the Spirit (vv. 28–32). Much of this unit is spoken by the Lord himself in the first person.

ESV

jealous. Jealousy here is a deep devotion that leads the Lord to intervene, saving his people for the sake of his own glory (Ezek. 39:25; Zech. 1:14; 8:2).

ESV

answered. The Lord hears the prayers of his people.

ESV

The northerner may be the locusts, an invading army, or a final apocalyptic enemy of Israel. Arguments for the third option include: (1) reference to locusts as the “northerner” would be unusual, as they typically came from the south or the east; (2) Jeremiah and Ezekiel portray a great enemy coming from the north (see Jer. 1:14–15; 4:6; 6:1, 22–23; Ezek. 23:24; 26:7; 38:6, 15; 39:2); and (3) the words vanguard … rear guard (lit., “his face” and “his end”) show that destruction is complete and final. eastern sea … western sea. The Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.

ESV

Ironically, the “foul smell” (v. 20) of corpses is all that remains of the great deeds of this enemy (Isa. 34:3). This contrasts with the great things done by the Lord, whose acts of salvation form the basis of the command to fear not.

ESV

are green. The underlying Hebrew verb (dasha’) is found elsewhere in Scripture only at Gen. 1:11. Perhaps Joel wants his readers to envisage the restoration of the land to an Eden-like state (see Joel 2:3).

ESV

early rain (Hb. hammoreh) … vindication (Hb. litsdaqah). The clause by itself can also be understood as “the teacher [Hb. hammoreh] for righteousness,” a figure mentioned in the Qumran Scrolls of the Dead Sea. But the word moreh in the final line of the verse clearly means “early rain,” and thus the context supports the esv translation.

ESV

Being human often means bearing loss never to be regained (the years that the swarming locust has eaten), and yet the Lord, the bringer of the calamity (Ps. 90:15), is also the Lord of mercy and abundant grace who is fully able to recompense: I will restore to you. On “locust,” see Joel 1:4. my great army … I sent. As at 2:11 and elsewhere (e.g., Amos 4:6–13), those whom the Lord uses to judge his people are under his authority.

ESV

You shall know. The great purpose of the nation’s trauma is for them to know God’s presence, that he is the covenant-keeping God, and that he will remove their shame. I am the LORD your God is a recognition of God’s covenantal bond with Israel (Ex. 6:7; Deut. 5:6; Isa. 43:3; Ezek. 20:5). The perpetual removal of shame unites God’s provision (Joel 2:26) with his presence and peerless nature (v. 27).

ESV

Some past Jewish interpreters understood this passage to be referring to the messianic age. The early church followed this line of thinking, as Peter quoted this passage on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:17–21).

ESV

Afterward refers to a time after the assurances of vv. 18–27 and a time that is parallel with in those days (v. 29). pour out my Spirit. The abundant, life-giving rains (v. 23), which God will shower on his people, illustrate the way in which God will pour out his Spirit on his people in the future (cf. Isa. 32:15; 44:3; Ezek. 39:29). all flesh. All God’s people will experience the outpouring of the Spirit and intimate communication with the Lord. The sign of this outpouring will be that not just a few but all (sons and … daughters, old … and … young, male and female) will prophesy and dream dreams and see visions.

ESV

Universal wonders related to the day of the Lord are war-like activities on earth (fire … columns of smoke) and unnatural events in the sky (darkness, see 2:10; 3:15; Isa. 13:10; Amos 8:9). Some interpreters hold that these events of judgment, which did not take place at Pentecost (see notes on Acts 2:17; 2:19–21), will still take place sometime in the future, at the return of Christ. These interpreters hold that OT prophecies should often be understood in terms of both a near-term and a long-term fulfillment—with some long-term events being fulfilled when Jesus brought the good news of salvation at his first coming, but with other long-term events being fulfilled when he will return in judgment at his second coming. Other interpreters hold that the language used here should be understood as prophetic symbolism for God’s judgment, and that no specific literal fulfillment is intended.

ESV

everyone. Salvation is extended beyond the devastation caused by the locusts. calls on the name. This implies exclusive, covenantal worship of the only God who is able to save (Ps. 116:4; Prov. 18:10; Isa. 44:5–8). Paul quotes this in Rom. 10:13 because he, along with other Christians, understood these verses to describe events in the messianic age, when Jews and Gentiles alike would be saved. The words as the LORD has said may refer to Isa. 4:3; Joel 2:27; or Obad. 17. Those who escape are parallel to survivors … whom the LORD calls. Those whom the Lord calls are those who respond by calling on his name (Gen. 12:8; 13:4; Isa. 51:2).