Haggai

1Chapter

Caught Up with Taking Care of Your Own Houses

1On the first day of the sixth month of the second year in the reign of King Darius of Persia, God’s Message was delivered by the prophet Haggai to the governor of Judah, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and to the high priest, Joshua son of Jehozadak:
2A Message from God-of-the-Angel-Armies: “The people procrastinate. They say this isn’t the right time to rebuild my Temple, the Temple of God.”
3-4Shortly after that, God said more and Haggai spoke it: “How is it that it’s the ‘right time’ for you to live in your fine new homes while the Home, God’s Temple, is in ruins?”
5-6“Take a good, hard look at your life. Think it over. You have spent a lot of money, but you haven’t much to show for it. You keep filling your plates, but you never get filled up. You keep drinking and drinking and drinking, but you’re always thirsty. You put on layer after layer of clothes, but you can’t get warm. And the people who work for you, what are they getting out of it? Not much— a leaky, rusted-out bucket, that’s what.”
7“Take a good, hard look at your life. Think it over.”
8-11“Here’s what I want you to do: Climb into the hills and cut some timber. Bring it down and rebuild the Temple. Do it just for me. Honor me. You’ve had great ambitions for yourselves, but nothing has come of it. The little you have brought to my Temple I’ve blown away—there was nothing to it.
9-11“And why?” (This is a Message from God-of-the-Angel-Armies, remember.) “Because while you’ve run around, caught up with taking care of your own houses, my Home is in ruins. That’s why. Because of your stinginess. And so I’ve given you a dry summer and a meager crop. I’ve matched your tight-fisted stinginess by decreeing a season of drought, drying up fields and hills, withering gardens and orchards, stunting vegetables and fruit. Nothing—not man or woman, not animal or crop—is going to thrive.”
12Then the governor, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and the high priest, Joshua son of Jehozadak, and all the people with them listened, really listened, to the voice of their God. When God sent the prophet Haggai to them, they paid attention to him. In listening to Haggai, they honored God.
13Then Haggai, God’s messenger, preached God’s Message to the people: “I am with you!” God’s Word.
14-15This is how God got Zerubbabel, Joshua, and all the people moving—got them working on the Temple of God-of-the-Angel-Armies. This happened on the twenty-fourth day of the sixth month in the second year of King Darius.
2Chapter

This Temple Will End Up Better Than It Started Out

1-3On the twenty-first day of the seventh month, the Word of God came through the prophet Haggai: “Tell Governor Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel and High Priest Joshua son of Jehozadak and all the people: ‘Is there anyone here who saw the Temple the way it used to be, all glorious? And what do you see now? Not much, right?
4-5“‘So get to work, Zerubbabel!’—God is speaking. “‘Get to work, Joshua son of Jehozadak—high priest!’ “‘Get to work, all you people!’—God is speaking. “‘Yes, get to work! For I am with you.’ The God-of-the-Angel-Armies is speaking! ‘Put into action the word I covenanted with you when you left Egypt. I’m living and breathing among you right now. Don’t be timid. Don’t hold back.’
6-7“This is what God-of-the-Angel-Armies said: ‘Before you know it, I will shake up sky and earth, ocean and fields. And I’ll shake down all the godless nations. They’ll bring bushels of wealth and I will fill this Temple with splendor.’ God-of-the-Angel-Armies says so.
8‘I own the silver, I own the gold.’ Decree of God-of-the-Angel-Armies.
9“‘This Temple is going to end up far better than it started out, a glorious beginning but an even more glorious finish: a place in which I will hand out wholeness and holiness.’ Decree of God-of-the-Angel-Armies.”
10-12On the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month (again, this was in the second year of Darius), God’s Message came to Haggai: “God-of-the-Angel-Armies speaks: Consult the priests for a ruling. If someone carries a piece of sacred meat in his pocket, meat that is set apart for sacrifice on the altar, and the pocket touches a loaf of bread, a dish of stew, a bottle of wine or oil, or any other food, will these foods be made holy by such contact?” The priests said, “No.”
13Then Haggai said, “How about someone who is contaminated by touching a corpse—if that person touches one of these foods, will it be contaminated?” The priests said, “Yes, it will be contaminated.”
14Then Haggai said, “‘So, this people is contaminated. Their nation is contaminated. Everything they do is contaminated. Whatever they do for me is contaminated.’ God says so.
15-17“‘Think back. Before you set out to lay the first foundation stones for the rebuilding of my Temple, how did it go with you? Isn’t it true that your foot-dragging, halfhearted efforts at rebuilding the Temple of God were reflected in a sluggish, halfway return on your crops—half the grain you were used to getting, half the wine? I hit you with drought and blight and hail. Everything you were doing got hit. But it didn’t seem to faze you. You continued to ignore me.’ God’s Decree.
18-19“‘Now think ahead from this same date—this twenty-fourth day of the ninth month. Think ahead from when the Temple rebuilding was launched. Has anything in your fields—vine, fig tree, pomegranate, olive tree—failed to flourish? From now on you can count on a blessing.’”
20-21God’s Message came a second time to Haggai on that most memorable day, the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month: “Speak to Zerubbabel, the governor of Judah:
21-23“‘I am about to shake up everything, to turn everything upside down and start over from top to bottom—overthrow governments, destroy foreign powers, dismantle the world of weapons and armaments, throw armies into confusion, so that they end up killing one another. And on that day’”—this is God’s Message—“‘I will take you, O Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, as my personal servant and I will set you as a signet ring, the sign of my sovereign presence and authority. I’ve looked over the field and chosen you for this work.’” The Message of God-of-the-Angel-Armies.
Study
Chapter 1
CSB

To acknowledge the Lord as God has implications for ordinary decisions of life. It is to live before One who is all-knowing, all-powerful, and who has an agenda. He has a plan that impinges on the details of our lives. The people who had returned from Babylon through God’s grace and leadership soon tried to put him at the edge of their awareness. They had their own agenda, building comfortable homes for themselves while God’s house lay in ruins (v. 4). Through Haggai’s preaching, the people were moved to respond to the Lord’s command to build his house for his glory.

ESV

Introduction: Reluctant Rebuilders. The opening establishes the characters and context of the book. The Lord, prophet, king, priest, and people figure prominently as the major problem is presented, namely, that the Lord’s house is in ruins and the people do nothing about it.

ESV

Characters. second year … sixth month … first day. August 29, 520 B.C. As the first of the month, it is the day of a new moon festival, and thus of public worship (1 Chron. 23:31); it is also three weeks after the anniversary of the destruction of the first temple (2 Kings 25:8; Jer. 52:12). At this point most of the harvesting is finished, with only dates and summer figs left to be harvested. Darius. Persian king 522–486 B.C. by the hand of (cf. Hag. 1:3; 2:1). A phrase unique to Haggai among the writing prophets, though common in the books of Moses. Zerubbabel was a grandson of Jehoiachin, heir to the Davidic throne, and governor of Judah (see Ezra 3:2, 8; 4:2–3; 5:2). Joshua. High priest and son of Jehozadak, whose line is traced through Zadok to Aaron (1 Chron. 6:11–15; Zech. 3:1, 8; 6:11).

ESV

Context. LORD of hosts. Highlights the Lord as the leader of heavenly or earthly armies. Approximately one-third of all biblical occurrences of the phrase are found in Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi (see chart); it emphasizes the Lord’s universal rule (see note on 1 Sam. 1:3). not yet come. The people claim that the time for temple restoration has not yet arrived: they want to postpone the work until sometime later.

ESV

Consider Your Ways: Fruitless Prosperity. In the second word to Haggai, the Lord asks his hearers to consider whether their prosperity, such as it is, brings about the intended satisfaction, and he exhorts them to supply materials for “my house” (vv. 3–11). A general response follows (v. 12).

ESV

Work without Satisfaction. On the date of this oracle the people can reflect on the disappointing harvest season (cf. vv. 10–11). They struggle mightily for personal gain at the neglect of the Lord’s house. God evaporates their gain in order to teach them that the building of his house will bring him glory and must be their priority.

ESV

paneled … ruins. The inattentive people focus on comfortable personal dwellings (v. 9) while the Lord remains “homeless” (2 Sam. 7:2; 1 Kings 6:9; Jer. 22:13–15).

CSB

For the prophets before the Babylonian exile, the major issues were the people’s tendency to worship false gods and the social injustice that created severe inequalities between rich and poor. For prophets whose message was focused on the postexilic Judean community, the issue was different. The great need was the restoration of the institutions of Israelite worship centering in the sanctuary. Ezekiel drew up a blueprint for the restored temple and its ceremonies (Ezk 40–47); Malachi called for the purification of the priesthood (Mal 3:1-4) and faithfulness in the tithe (Mal 3:8-10). Zechariah, likewise, was concerned with the honor of the priesthood (Zch 3:1-5). Haggai also turned to this emphasis on worship. It was because the people had neglected their responsibilities, including the rebuilding of the Lord’s house, that their efforts to prosper came to nothing. His message was a precursor to Jesus’s teaching, “you will be measured by the same measure you use” (Mt 7:2). One cannot open the hand to receive while clutching what he already has.

ESV

Consider your ways. Ponder your actions and the resulting experiences.

ESV

sown much … harvested little. This describes the hard work the people have done, and the frustrating yield. God has not blessed their crops because of their preference for personal comfort over the rebuilding of the temple (v. 4). eat … drink … clothe … earns wages. Their efforts to care for themselves and their families lead only to frustration, so the Lord wants them to “consider their ways” (v. 5).

ESV

Go up … bring … build. The people are commanded to bring wood to build a proper house. As the Lord takes pleasure in acceptable sacrifice (Ps. 51:19), the sacrifice of temple-building will result in his pleasure and glory.

ESV

The word “house” is used three times with three different meanings: home (a place to store goods); my house (the Lord’s temple); his own house (one’s personal dwelling). busies himself with (lit., “is running for”). As compared with the implicit critique of v. 4, the misplaced priorities of the people are now made explicit.

ESV

Therefore. There is a causal link between the ruin (Hb. khareb) of the Lord’s house (vv. 4, 9) and the drought (Hb. khoreb).

ESV

General Response: Obedience and Fear. To the admonition of vv. 3–11, people render a general response of hearing and alarm. The remnant (v. 14; 2:2) is the same as the people addressed in 1:2; 2:4, 14. feared the LORD. See note on Acts 9:31.

ESV

a Promise and Progress. The obedience and fear characterizing the general response of v. 12 provokes the third statement from the prophet. The promise of the Lord’s presence (v. 13) engenders the actual response of “work” in vv. 14–15a.

ESV

messenger (Hb. mal’ak) … message (Hb. mal’akut) … worked (Hb. mela’kah). This play on words makes a direct connection between the speaker (Haggai), the content of what was spoken (statement of assurance), and the desired effect upon the people (lit., “and they performed work”).

ESV

God’s Promise. I am with you (cf. 2:4). This is the great promise of covenantal assurance (cf. Num. 14:9; Josh. 14:12; Judg. 1:19; Isa. 43:5; cf. Matt. 28:20). The task before them will be undertaken with the promise of God’s aid.

ESV

a Specific Response: Work Begins. In this fine example of divine prompting and human response, the Spirit of the Lord moves in the people and the people take action.

ESV

the LORD stirred up the spirit. God awakens in the people an intense desire to work on repairing his house. Progress on the house arises only by means of the enabling power of the sovereign God (Ex. 35:21, 26, 30–35). their God. The companion statement of covenantal assurance (e.g., Jer. 24:7; 31:33; Ezek. 11:20; 37:27).

ESV

a twenty-fourth day … sixth month. September 21, 520 B.C.

ESV

b–2:9 The Former and Latter Glory of This House. Haggai bolsters flagging spirits in this fourth message. Comparing the past glory of the temple with the present ruins brought inevitable discouragement (2:1–3). The people are called to act based on the past (2:4–5). As God moved Israel to build the tabernacle, so he will now move among the nations to provide for the restoration of his house (2:6–9).

ESV

b–2:3 Comparing Past and Present. The Lord challenges those who remember to compare the past glory of the temple with its present status.

ESV

b–2:1 second year … seventh month … twenty-first day. October 17, 520 B.C. (cf. 1:1), and the next-to-last day of the Feast of Tabernacles (1 Kings 8:2). It is likely that the people celebrated with limited resources (Hag. 1:10–11).