Nahum

1Chapter
1An oracle concerning Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum of Elkosh.

God's Wrath Against Nineveh

2The Lord is a jealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and wrathful; the Lord takes vengeance on his adversaries and keeps wrath for his enemies.
3The Lord is slow to anger and great in power, and the Lord will by no means clear the guilty. His way is in whirlwind and storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet.
4He rebukes the sea and makes it dry; he dries up all the rivers; Bashan and Carmel wither; the bloom of Lebanon withers.
5The mountains quake before him; the hills melt; the earth heaves before him, the world and all who dwell in it.
6Who can stand before his indignation? Who can endure the heat of his anger? His wrath is poured out like fire, and the rocks are broken into pieces by him.
7The Lord is good, a stronghold in the day of trouble; he knows those who take refuge in him.
8But with an overflowing flood he will make a complete end of the adversaries, and will pursue his enemies into darkness.
9What do you plot against the Lord? He will make a complete end; trouble will not rise up a second time.
10For they are like entangled thorns, like drunkards as they drink; they are consumed like stubble fully dried.
11From you came one who plotted evil against the Lord, a worthless counselor.
12Thus says the Lord, “Though they are at full strength and many, they will be cut down and pass away. Though I have afflicted you, I will afflict you no more.
13And now I will break his yoke from off you and will burst your bonds apart.”
14The Lord has given commandment about you: “No more shall your name be perpetuated; from the house of your gods I will cut off the carved image and the metal image. I will make your grave, for you are vile.”
15Behold, upon the mountains, the feet of him who brings good news, who publishes peace! Keep your feasts, O Judah; fulfill your vows, for never again shall the worthless pass through you; he is utterly cut off.
2Chapter

The Destruction of Nineveh

1The scatterer has come up against you. Man the ramparts; watch the road; dress for battle; collect all your strength.
2For the Lord is restoring the majesty of Jacob as the majesty of Israel, for plunderers have plundered them and ruined their branches.
3The shield of his mighty men is red; his soldiers are clothed in scarlet. The chariots come with flashing metal on the day he musters them; the cypress spears are brandished.
4The chariots race madly through the streets; they rush to and fro through the squares; they gleam like torches; they dart like lightning.
5He remembers his officers; they stumble as they go, they hasten to the wall; the siege tower is set up.
6The river gates are opened; the palace melts away;
7its mistress is stripped; she is carried off, her slave girls lamenting, moaning like doves and beating their breasts.
8Nineveh is like a pool whose waters run away. “Halt! Halt!” they cry, but none turns back.
9Plunder the silver, plunder the gold! There is no end of the treasure or of the wealth of all precious things.
10Desolate! Desolation and ruin! Hearts melt and knees tremble; anguish is in all loins; all faces grow pale!
11Where is the lions' den, the feeding place of the young lions, where the lion and lioness went, where his cubs were, with none to disturb?
12The lion tore enough for his cubs and strangled prey for his lionesses; he filled his caves with prey and his dens with torn flesh.
13Behold, I am against you, declares the Lord of hosts, and I will burn your chariots in smoke, and the sword shall devour your young lions. I will cut off your prey from the earth, and the voice of your messengers shall no longer be heard.
3Chapter

Woe to Nineveh

1Woe to the bloody city, all full of lies and plunder— no end to the prey!
2The crack of the whip, and rumble of the wheel, galloping horse and bounding chariot!
3Horsemen charging, flashing sword and glittering spear, hosts of slain, heaps of corpses, dead bodies without end— they stumble over the bodies!
4And all for the countless whorings of the prostitute, graceful and of deadly charms, who betrays nations with her whorings, and peoples with her charms.
5Behold, I am against you, declares the Lord of hosts, and will lift up your skirts over your face; and I will make nations look at your nakedness and kingdoms at your shame.
6I will throw filth at you and treat you with contempt and make you a spectacle.
7And all who look at you will shrink from you and say, “Wasted is Nineveh; who will grieve for her?” Where shall I seek comforters for you?
8Are you better than Thebes that sat by the Nile, with water around her, her rampart a sea, and water her wall?
9Cush was her strength; Egypt too, and that without limit; Put and the Libyans were her helpers.
10Yet she became an exile; she went into captivity; her infants were dashed in pieces at the head of every street; for her honored men lots were cast, and all her great men were bound in chains.
11You also will be drunken; you will go into hiding; you will seek a refuge from the enemy.
12All your fortresses are like fig trees with first-ripe figs— if shaken they fall into the mouth of the eater.
13Behold, your troops are women in your midst. The gates of your land are wide open to your enemies; fire has devoured your bars.
14Draw water for the siege; strengthen your forts; go into the clay; tread the mortar; take hold of the brick mold!
15There will the fire devour you; the sword will cut you off. It will devour you like the locust. Multiply yourselves like the locust; multiply like the grasshopper!
16You increased your merchants more than the stars of the heavens. The locust spreads its wings and flies away.
17Your princes are like grasshoppers, your scribes like clouds of locusts settling on the fences in a day of cold— when the sun rises, they fly away; no one knows where they are.
18Your shepherds are asleep, O king of Assyria; your nobles slumber. Your people are scattered on the mountains with none to gather them.
19There is no easing your hurt; your wound is grievous. All who hear the news about you clap their hands over you. For upon whom has not come your unceasing evil?
Study
Chapter 1
ESV

Introduction. The double title in this superscription for the book is unique in the OT: oracle (Hb. massa’) denotes a prophetic utterance or proclamation (see note on Hab. 1:1), and vision (Hb. khazon) indicates how God communicated the contents of the book to Nahum. In Nahum, the name Nineveh occurs again only in 2:8 and 3:7.

CSB

Even Christians who are firmly convinced of the authority and inspiration of the Scriptures tend to minimize, or explain away, descriptions of the wrath and vengeance of God such as Nahum presented here. While it may not be appropriate to use such passages when first approaching people with a view to persuading them of the truth of the Bible, eventually there comes a time when we cannot avoid the question of how God’s wrath and vengeance are related to his love. Pursuing these connections requires thought, courage, and a willingness to come to know God as he is and not as we might wish him to be. Conversion to the faith of Christ is not simply a matter of “asking Jesus to come into your heart.” It involves a metanoia (the NT word for “repentance”), which means, literally, a “change of mind.” In other words, becoming a believer involves adopting a new worldview, or perspective on reality. The modern Western worldview has blurred distinctions between right and wrong, and within such a perspective there is no place for the wrath and judgment of God. But when one’s perspective changes, and it becomes evident that God is a moral force to be reckoned with, then it becomes equally apparent that serious consequences ensue for those who attempt to live without regard for his plan for human life (Rm 1:16-32).

ESV

A Psalm Descriptively Praising the Lord. This praise is general in nature, describing God as he has been and will be throughout world history.

ESV

a The Lord Takes Vengeance on His Guilty Adversaries. The Lord is jealous with regard to his own honor and those in covenant fellowship with him. avenging. God’s holy anger is righteous and just, in defense of his word and his people. keeps wrath. God holds back the venting of his anger until an appropriate time (cf. Ps. 103:9). slow to anger (Ex. 34:6). God’s patience explains why the wicked often do not immediately receive the judgment they deserve (cf. Ezek. 33:11). great in power. The delay in deserved judgment is not due to a lack of power or control on God’s part. will by no means clear the guilty (cf. Ex. 34:7). That the wicked seemingly prosper does not mean God regards them as innocent or has forgotten their iniquity.

ESV

b whirlwind and storm. A possible polemic against the storm-god(s) theology of many ancient Near Eastern religions.

ESV

b–6 The Lord Rules Creation in Majesty, and No One Can Stand before His Wrath. God’s interaction with, and his effect on, nature and the natural world is described in figurative language illustrating God’s awesome majesty and omnipotence.

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rebukes the sea … dries up … rivers. Cf. the exodus (Exodus 14) and conquest (Joshua 3–4). Bashan, a northern Transjordanian region, was famous for its rich pasturelands. Carmel, a mountain next to the Mediterranean Sea and close to Lower Galilee, was well known for its beauty and luxuriant countryside. Lebanon, a mountainous region just to the north of Israel, was noted for its forests. For a similar reference to these three regions, see Isa. 33:9. Hills and mountains are symbols of permanence and immovability, but even they cannot stand before God.

ESV

wrath. See v. 2. Fire is a frequent image used in the OT to emphasize God’s fierce and all-consuming wrath (e.g., Gen. 19:24; Ps. 11:6; Amos 5:6). Rocks represent the hardest objects in nature, easily shattered by the Lord.

ESV

The Lord Delivers Those Who Take Refuge in Him. In contrast to his anger, God is good to his people, blessing those who trust in him. stronghold. The Lord is the never-failing protector of his people. He will keep them safe and rescue them from human and spiritual enemies (e.g., Ps. 27:1; 37:39; Isa. 17:10; Jer. 16:19). God knows his people with love and affection, which results in his benevolent actions.

ESV

The Lord Destroys His Adversaries. A striking contrast to v. 7. This alternation at the end of the first major section (vv. 2–8) sets the pattern for a similar alternation in the next section (vv. 9–15). The description in v. 8 of God dealing with his “enemies” echoes v. 2. Like an overflowing flood, God’s judgment is overwhelming; Nineveh was to be destroyed by a flood (see 2:6, 8). complete end … darkness. God’s judgment will culminate with removal from this life and everlasting damnation.

ESV

The Lord’s Coming Judgment on Nineveh and Deliverance of Judah. The preceding section (vv. 2–8) presented in a general way the omnipotent cosmic monarch’s attitude toward, and action with, his enemies and his people. In this section (vv. 9–15) the focus turns to Nineveh and Judah, alternating between the Lord’s coming judgment on Nineveh and his deliverance of Judah.

ESV

a The Destruction of Wicked, Plotting Nineveh. God addresses Nineveh, saying that in spite of her plots and might, she will fall.

ESV

You is masculine plural in Hebrew, presumably addressing the Assyrians (cf. the superscription in v. 1, “concerning Nineveh,” the capital of Assyria). plot. Plots to harm God’s people are ultimately against the LORD himself. complete end. See v. 8; here it is specifically applied to Nineveh. Trouble (cf. v. 7) is what Judah experienced because of oppressive Assyria.

ESV

Entangled thorns can be thrown en masse into the fire, just as the Assyrians as a whole will be wiped out. Like drunkards, the Assyrians will be unable to defend themselves successfully against their attackers. The image of burning dry stubble, a frequent one in the OT, conveys the sense of quick extermination.

ESV

You is feminine singular in Hebrew and thus refers to the city of Nineveh (see v. 9). one who … worthless counselor. Either a reference to a particular wicked Assyrian king or to the series of evil Assyrian kings who reigned in Nineveh after Sennacherib made that city the capital (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background).

ESV

a they. The Assyrians. full strength. Assyria was likely at the height of its power when Nahum wrote (see Introduction: Date). many. The Assyrian army was large enough to manage a number of extensive conquests (e.g., 2 Kings 19:35) and maintain control of the empire for lengthy periods of time. will be cut down and pass away. God would end the military dominance of the Assyrians, and they would pass from the pages of history (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background).

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b–13 Judah, Having Been Afflicted by the Lord, Is Freed from Assyrian Bondage. The Assyrian yoke was only temporary, for God’s purposes.

ESV

b Though I have afflicted you. Suddenly God addresses Judah (see v. 15). This dramatic change in the flow of v. 12, the direct address, and the initial anonymity of the addressee were attention-getting devices emphasizing the announcement of good news that follows. God had used the Assyrians to chasten wayward Judah. I will afflict you no more. Since God would overthrow Nineveh, the Assyrians would never again be Judah’s scourge.

ESV

His yoke refers to the burdensome rule of the Assyrian monarchs (cf. v. 11) over Judah. About 734/733 B.C., during the reign of Ahaz (2 Kings 16:7–8), the southern kingdom had become a vassal state of Assyria. This involved paying heavy tribute to the Assyrians (cf. 2 Kings 18:13–16) and other oppressive measures. When Judah revolted under Hezekiah, the Assyrians in 701 B.C. devastated the land (2 Kings 18:13; Isa. 7:18–25; 8:5–8) and took away many people and much plunder. break … burst. The vassalage of Judah lasted until the reign of Josiah (640–609 B.C.), when Assyria began to decline rapidly and finally ceased to be a nation (see Introduction: Date).

ESV

The Termination of Vile, Idolatrous Nineveh. You is masculine singular in Hebrew. Nahum suddenly switches to directly addressing the Assyrian king(s) (see v. 11): the Assyrian monarchy would come to a decisive end. This implies the total conquest of Assyria and the irreversible fall of Nineveh. the house of your gods I will cut off. Complete defeat of the Assyrian ruler would also be marked by the desecration of his temple and the destruction or removal of his idols, which represented the gods who he believed gave him power, wealth, and descendants. Archaeologists have noted the complete destruction that Nineveh’s temples underwent.

ESV

Peace and Deliverance for Judah. This verse concludes the second major portion of the book (vv. 9–15). Nahum returns to addressing Judah. What he has foretold with regard to Nineveh, the Assyrian monarchy, and the Assyrians he now considers as good as accomplished. upon the mountains. The imagery is that of a messenger bearing the good news of the fall and devastation of Nineveh. The people first catch sight of him running along the Judean mountains (cf. Isa. 52:7). peace. Judah does not have to be afraid of any more military action and oppression coming from Assyria (on peace in the OT and NT, cf. note on John 14:27). Keep your feasts. These festivals would remind the people of the Lord’s past acts of deliverance and the future hope of the coming Messiah. At the feasts they would also, as a nation, worship the Lord and give him proper thanks and praise. fulfill your vows. Some in Judah voluntarily made vows to the Lord to give him thank offerings. the worthless. I.e., the Assyrians (cf. Nah. 1:11).