1 Peter

1Chapter

Greeting

1Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To those who are elect exiles of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, 2according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, in the sanctification of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and for sprinkling with his blood: May grace and peace be multiplied to you.

Born Again to a Living Hope

3Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! According to his great mercy, he has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 4to an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you, 5who by God's power are being guarded through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time. 6In this you rejoice, though now for a little while, if necessary, you have been grieved by various trials, 7so that the tested genuineness of your faith—more precious than gold that perishes though it is tested by fire—may be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ. 8Though you have not seen him, you love him. Though you do not now see him, you believe in him and rejoice with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory, 9obtaining the outcome of your faith, the salvation of your souls.
10Concerning this salvation, the prophets who prophesied about the grace that was to be yours searched and inquired carefully, 11inquiring what person or time the Spirit of Christ in them was indicating when he predicted the sufferings of Christ and the subsequent glories. 12It was revealed to them that they were serving not themselves but you, in the things that have now been announced to you through those who preached the good news to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven, things into which angels long to look.

Called to Be Holy

13Therefore, preparing your minds for action, and being sober-minded, set your hope fully on the grace that will be brought to you at the revelation of Jesus Christ. 14As obedient children, do not be conformed to the passions of your former ignorance, 15but as he who called you is holy, you also be holy in all your conduct, 16since it is written, “You shall be holy, for I am holy.” 17And if you call on him as Father who judges impartially according to each one's deeds, conduct yourselves with fear throughout the time of your exile, 18knowing that you were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your forefathers, not with perishable things such as silver or gold, 19but with the precious blood of Christ, like that of a lamb without blemish or spot. 20He was foreknown before the foundation of the world but was made manifest in the last times for the sake of you 21who through him are believers in God, who raised him from the dead and gave him glory, so that your faith and hope are in God.
22Having purified your souls by your obedience to the truth for a sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from a pure heart, 23since you have been born again, not of perishable seed but of imperishable, through the living and abiding word of God; 24“All flesh is like grass and all its glory like the flower of grass. The grass withers, and the flower falls,
25but the word of the Lord remains forever.” And this word is the good news that was preached to you.
2Chapter

A Living Stone and a Holy People

1So put away all malice and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy and all slander. 2Like newborn infants, long for the pure spiritual milk, that by it you may grow up into salvation— 3if indeed you have tasted that the Lord is good.
4As you come to him, a living stone rejected by men but in the sight of God chosen and precious, 5you yourselves like living stones are being built up as a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood, to offer spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. 6“Behold, I am laying in Zion a stone, a cornerstone chosen and precious, and whoever believes in him will not be put to shame.”
7“The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone,”
8“A stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense.” They stumble because they disobey the word, as they were destined to do.
9But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. 10Once you were not a people, but now you are God's people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.
11Beloved, I urge you as sojourners and exiles to abstain from the passions of the flesh, which wage war against your soul. 12Keep your conduct among the Gentiles honorable, so that when they speak against you as evildoers, they may see your good deeds and glorify God on the day of visitation.

Submission to Authority

13Be subject for the Lord's sake to every human institution, whether it be to the emperor as supreme, 14or to governors as sent by him to punish those who do evil and to praise those who do good. 15For this is the will of God, that by doing good you should put to silence the ignorance of foolish people. 16Live as people who are free, not using your freedom as a cover-up for evil, but living as servants of God. 17Honor everyone. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honor the emperor.
18Servants, be subject to your masters with all respect, not only to the good and gentle but also to the unjust. 19For this is a gracious thing, when, mindful of God, one endures sorrows while suffering unjustly. 20For what credit is it if, when you sin and are beaten for it, you endure? But if when you do good and suffer for it you endure, this is a gracious thing in the sight of God. 21For to this you have been called, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, so that you might follow in his steps. 22He committed no sin, neither was deceit found in his mouth. 23When he was reviled, he did not revile in return; when he suffered, he did not threaten, but continued entrusting himself to him who judges justly. 24He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness. By his wounds you have been healed. 25For you were straying like sheep, but have now returned to the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls.
3Chapter

Wives and Husbands

1Likewise, wives, be subject to your own husbands, so that even if some do not obey the word, they may be won without a word by the conduct of their wives, 2when they see your respectful and pure conduct. 3Do not let your adorning be external—the braiding of hair and the putting on of gold jewelry, or the clothing you wear— 4but let your adorning be the hidden person of the heart with the imperishable beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which in God's sight is very precious. 5For this is how the holy women who hoped in God used to adorn themselves, by submitting to their own husbands, 6as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord. And you are her children, if you do good and do not fear anything that is frightening.
7Likewise, husbands, live with your wives in an understanding way, showing honor to the woman as the weaker vessel, since they are heirs with you of the grace of life, so that your prayers may not be hindered.

Suffering for Righteousness' Sake

8Finally, all of you, have unity of mind, sympathy, brotherly love, a tender heart, and a humble mind. 9Do not repay evil for evil or reviling for reviling, but on the contrary, bless, for to this you were called, that you may obtain a blessing. 10“Whoever desires to love life and see good days, let him keep his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit;
11let him turn away from evil and do good; let him seek peace and pursue it.
12For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous, and his ears are open to their prayer. But the face of the Lord is against those who do evil.”
13Now who is there to harm you if you are zealous for what is good? 14But even if you should suffer for righteousness' sake, you will be blessed. Have no fear of them, nor be troubled, 15but in your hearts honor Christ the Lord as holy, always being prepared to make a defense to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in you; yet do it with gentleness and respect, 16having a good conscience, so that, when you are slandered, those who revile your good behavior in Christ may be put to shame. 17For it is better to suffer for doing good, if that should be God's will, than for doing evil.
18For Christ also suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit, 19in which he went and proclaimed to the spirits in prison, 20because they formerly did not obey, when God's patience waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was being prepared, in which a few, that is, eight persons, were brought safely through water. 21Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you, not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, 22who has gone into heaven and is at the right hand of God, with angels, authorities, and powers having been subjected to him.
4Chapter

Stewards of God's Grace

1Since therefore Christ suffered in the flesh, arm yourselves with the same way of thinking, for whoever has suffered in the flesh has ceased from sin, 2so as to live for the rest of the time in the flesh no longer for human passions but for the will of God. 3For the time that is past suffices for doing what the Gentiles want to do, living in sensuality, passions, drunkenness, orgies, drinking parties, and lawless idolatry. 4With respect to this they are surprised when you do not join them in the same flood of debauchery, and they malign you; 5but they will give account to him who is ready to judge the living and the dead. 6For this is why the gospel was preached even to those who are dead, that though judged in the flesh the way people are, they might live in the spirit the way God does.
7The end of all things is at hand; therefore be self-controlled and sober-minded for the sake of your prayers. 8Above all, keep loving one another earnestly, since love covers a multitude of sins. 9Show hospitality to one another without grumbling. 10As each has received a gift, use it to serve one another, as good stewards of God's varied grace: 11whoever speaks, as one who speaks oracles of God; whoever serves, as one who serves by the strength that God supplies—in order that in everything God may be glorified through Jesus Christ. To him belong glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen.

Suffering as a Christian

12Beloved, do not be surprised at the fiery trial when it comes upon you to test you, as though something strange were happening to you. 13But rejoice insofar as you share Christ's sufferings, that you may also rejoice and be glad when his glory is revealed. 14If you are insulted for the name of Christ, you are blessed, because the Spirit of glory and of God rests upon you. 15But let none of you suffer as a murderer or a thief or an evildoer or as a meddler. 16Yet if anyone suffers as a Christian, let him not be ashamed, but let him glorify God in that name. 17For it is time for judgment to begin at the household of God; and if it begins with us, what will be the outcome for those who do not obey the gospel of God? 18“If the righteous is scarcely saved, what will become of the ungodly and the sinner?”
19Therefore let those who suffer according to God's will entrust their souls to a faithful Creator while doing good.
5Chapter

Shepherd the Flock of God

1So I exhort the elders among you, as a fellow elder and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, as well as a partaker in the glory that is going to be revealed: 2shepherd the flock of God that is among you, exercising oversight, not under compulsion, but willingly, as God would have you; not for shameful gain, but eagerly; 3not domineering over those in your charge, but being examples to the flock. 4And when the chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the unfading crown of glory. 5Likewise, you who are younger, be subject to the elders. Clothe yourselves, all of you, with humility toward one another, for “God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.”
6Humble yourselves, therefore, under the mighty hand of God so that at the proper time he may exalt you, 7casting all your anxieties on him, because he cares for you. 8Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. 9Resist him, firm in your faith, knowing that the same kinds of suffering are being experienced by your brotherhood throughout the world. 10And after you have suffered a little while, the God of all grace, who has called you to his eternal glory in Christ, will himself restore, confirm, strengthen, and establish you. 11To him be the dominion forever and ever. Amen.

Final Greetings

12By Silvanus, a faithful brother as I regard him, I have written briefly to you, exhorting and declaring that this is the true grace of God. Stand firm in it. 13She who is at Babylon, who is likewise chosen, sends you greetings, and so does Mark, my son. 14Greet one another with the kiss of love. Peace to all of you who are in Christ.
Study
Chapter 1
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Called to Salvation as Exiles. Those who have trusted in Christ are to praise God for his promised salvation and live out that salvation in their daily lives.

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Living as the New People of God. Since Christians have been given new life by the Word of God, they are to love one another fervently (1:22–25). They are to long for God’s Word so that they will continue to grow in faith (2:1–3). They are like living stones which together build up a spiritual house, with Jesus as the cornerstone (2:4–8). Believers are chosen by God to be his people (2:9–10).

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Opening. Peter identifies himself as the author. The geographical location of the recipients is indicated (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background), and they are greeted with “grace” and “peace.” The introduction is theologically weighty, for the readers are identified as “elect exiles” and the salvation accomplished is attributed to the work of the Father, Spirit, and Son.

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Peter designates himself as an apostle, an authoritative messenger of Jesus Christ (see note on Rom. 1:1). The people receiving his letter are elect exiles of the dispersion. Peter is not speaking of a literal exile (cf. 1 Pet. 1:17; 2:11). Believers long for their true home in the new world that is coming and for their end-time inheritance, for they do not conform to the values and worldviews of this present evil age. Believers are not only exiles but God’s “elect exiles.” They are his chosen people, just as Israel is designated as God’s chosen people in the OT (Deut. 4:37; 7:6–8; Ps. 106:5; Isa. 43:20; 45:4). Since the recipients of his letter were primarily Gentiles, Peter explicitly teaches that the church of Jesus Christ is the new Israel—God’s new chosen people. “Dispersion” (Gk. diaspora) points to the same truth. It is typically used to describe the scattering of the Jews throughout the world (Deut. 28:25; 30:4; Neh. 1:9; Ps. 147:2; Isa. 49:6; Jer. 15:7; 41:17; cf. also John 7:35; James 1:1; note on Acts 2:9–11), but Peter sees a parallel in the church being dispersed throughout the world. (Another view is that these verses show that the church is like Israel but that the ultimate fulfillment of these OT prophecies pertains mainly to future ethnic Israel rather than to the church; this also applies to the notes on 1 Pet. 1:22–2:10; 2:9; 2:10.)

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Peter celebrates the work of the triune God in saving his people; the descriptive phrases in v. 2 modify “elect exiles” in v. 1 (the Gk. has no verb in v. 1; the esv supplies “are” to make the sense more clear). They are God’s people because of his foreknowledge. This does not merely refer to God’s foreknowing that they would belong to him but also means that he set his covenantal affection upon them in advance, foreordaining that they would belong to him (cf. Rom. 8:29). In the sanctification of the Spirit may refer here either to conversion or to gradual progress in the Christian life, or possibly to both. The Spirit sets apart God’s people into the sphere of the holy, so that believers are now holy and righteous in their standing before God, and they grow in actual holiness in their lives. For obedience to Jesus Christ may also refer either to conversion, when Christians confessed Jesus as Lord (Rom. 10:9; cf. 1 Pet. 1:22), or to God’s purpose for their lives, that they obey Christ. For sprinkling with his blood refers to Christ’s atoning work on the cross, where all the believers’ sins were washed away, just as the old covenant was inaugurated with the shedding of blood (cf. Ex. 24:3–8). Peter sees believers “sprinkled” with the blood of Christ, referring either to their initial entrance into a covenant with God (similar to Ex. 24:3–8) or to their subsequent cleansings by the blood of Christ (i.e., growth in holiness) or possibly to both (similar to Lev. 14:6–7; cf. Ps. 51:7; 1 John 1:7).

CSB

Karl Marx complained that religion was the opiate of the people. Did Peter support the comfortable life of oppressors by pacifying the suffering with the idea of a heavenly inheritance in the next world?

In answering this question, we must recall that Peter himself suffered as a Christian; the tradition that he died for the faith is likely accurate. What we find in 1 Peter, therefore, are not the words of someone with power telling those who are suffering to endure injustice because heaven awaits. We hear the words of someone who suffered along with those he taught. The early Christians did not have political power; they were at the mercy of governing authorities if the latter turned against them.

What Peter wrote provides no justification for injustice. We distort Peter’s words if we say to those suffering under our authority, “Don’t worry about suffering. You will be rewarded in heaven.” On the other hand, Marx’s objection assumes that the heavenly hope is not real. Millions of Christians throughout history have suffered and have had no prospect of worldly happiness. Peter’s words provide genuine comfort to all believers who face oppression, for they remind us that unspeakable joy awaits those who belong to Jesus.

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Praise for Salvation. Peter begins the body of the letter by blessing God because he has given believers new life and guaranteed their future glory (vv. 3–5). Believers rejoice in their sufferings because they are designed for their purity (vv. 6–9). Christians are wonderfully blessed, for they know the fulfillment of OT prophecies, all of which point to Christ (vv. 10–12).

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Salvation is due to God’s mercy, grace, and sovereignty, for he miraculously gave sinners new life (caused us to be born again, cf. v. 23). Peter may be connecting “born again” to through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, meaning that the new birth was made possible because God thought of those who believe in Christ as being united to him in his resurrection (cf. Rom. 6:4; Eph. 1:19–20; 2:5–6; Col. 3:1). Or he may be linking the resurrection to the living hope of believers, since that hope immediately follows the resurrection. In the latter case, the hope of Christians is their future resurrection. Believers have an unshakable hope for the future, for Christ’s resurrection is a pledge of their own future resurrection.

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The “hope” of v. 3 is now described as an inheritance, which in the OT typically describes the Promised Land and Israel’s place in it (Num. 32:19; Deut. 2:12; 12:9; 25:19; 26:1; Josh. 11:23; Ps. 105:11). But the OT inheritance points ahead to an even greater inheritance, reserved in heaven for the people of the new covenant. imperishable. Nothing can tarnish or extinguish that secure inheritance.

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Salvation in this context is a further description of the inheritance of v. 4 and the hope of v. 3. Peter lifts his readers’ minds to what will be revealed in the last time. They will certainly receive this future salvation, for God will protect them through his power by sustaining their faith to the end.

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Peter realizes that joy is mingled with grief as Christians in Asia Minor suffer various trials. Little while denotes the whole of their earthly life before they inherit future salvation. if necessary. These sufferings are God’s will for his people, so that their faith might be purified and shown to be genuine. Such faith has a great reward, for at the revelation (that is, the return) of Jesus Christ, honor and praise will belong both to Christians and to Christ.

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Joy is not reserved only for the future when Jesus will be clearly seen at his revelation (v. 7). Even now, his followers love him, believe in him, and rejoice with an inexpressible joy. The end result is eternal salvation—the completion of God’s saving work.

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Even though the OT prophets did not see clearly when their prophecies would be realized, they did foretell that Christ would suffer and then be glorified. See Overview of the Bible. The Spirit of Christ is the Holy Spirit, who was speaking through the prophets.

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Christians have received astounding blessings, for the OT prophets were serving not themselves but you, that is, NT believers, and angels long to understand fully what has been accomplished. Christians have heard this good news in the gospel proclaimed to them.

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The Future Inheritance as an Incentive to Holiness. The inheritance promised to followers of Christ should motivate them to set their hope entirely on their future reward (vv. 13–16) and to live in fear of the God who redeemed them at the cost of his own Son (vv. 17–21).

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set your hope fully. The fullness of grace and its complete work will come only when Jesus returns, and believers are to long for that day. They do so by thinking rightly about reality and by living sober-minded and sensible lives in this present evil age.

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While living on this earth, Christians have to fight the desires of sin, so they are called to be obedient children, separated from evil in all that they do. They are to be holy (cf. Lev. 18:2–4), for that accords with the character of God who is holy and has called believers to himself.

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Father who judges impartially may refer only to the final judgment, when believers will be judged according to their deeds (cf. Rom. 2:6, 16; 2 Cor. 5:10). More likely, Peter has in mind both this present life and the last day as well. God is not only the Father of his people but also their judge. Fear is not a paralyzing terror but a fear of God’s discipline and fatherly displeasure; it is a reverence and awe that should characterize the lives of believers during their exile (cf. 1 Pet. 1:1) on this earth.

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The reason for the call to fear (v. 17) is given in vv. 18–19. Believers were ransomed by Christ’s precious blood. “Ransom” recalls Israel’s deliverance from Egypt (Deut. 7:8; 9:26; 15:15; 24:18), which in turn points to the greater deliverance accomplished by Jesus Christ. Believers are delivered from a life of futility and meaninglessness to one of great significance. you were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your forefathers. Christ’s sacrifice breaks the inevitability and power of “generational sin,” the idea that the sins of parents and grandparents are often repeated in later generations (cf. Ex. 20:5–6). Christ’s sacrifice is compared to a lamb without blemish or spot. The references to “lamb” and “blood” point to the OT sacrifices and especially to Christ as the Passover Lamb (Exodus 12) and the servant of the Lord (cf. “lamb,” Isa. 53:7). As the perfect sacrifice, Christ atoned for the sins of the unrighteous (cf. John 1:29; 1 Pet. 3:18).

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Christians should live in holy fear (v. 17) because they are deeply loved and should not despise that love. God planned (Christ was foreknown, cf. v. 2) from eternity past when he would send Christ, and he chose to reveal him at the time in history when these believers lived (for the sake of you) so that they would enjoy the inexpressible privilege of living in the days of fulfillment (cf. vv. 10–12). They should be full of hope (hope functions as an inclusio—a literary envelope—beginning and ending this section; vv. 13, 21), for Christ’s being raised reminds them of their future reward.

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Peter’s call for his readers to love one another is grounded in their conversion, which occurred when they were obedient to the truth (i.e., the gospel) and therefore were purified and cleansed (see note on v. 2 for “obedience” and “sprinkling”).

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Believers were born anew through the living and abiding word of God, meaning the whole of written Scripture (cf. v. 25) but especially the saving message of the gospel. The exhortation to love (v. 22) flows from their new life as members of God’s family.

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Peter cites Isa. 40:6, 8 to contrast the weakness of human flesh with the power of the word of the Lord that has granted new life to believers.