Zephaniah

1Chapter
1This is the message that the Lord gave to Zephaniah. He received this message during the time that Josiah son of Amon was king of Judah. Zephaniah was the son of Cushi, who was the son of Gedaliah. Gedaliah was the son of Amariah, who was the son of Hezekiah.

The Lord’s Day for Judging the People

2The Lord says, “I will destroy everything on earth. 3I will destroy all the people and all the animals. I will destroy the birds in the air and the fish in the sea. I will destroy the evil people and everything that makes them sin. I will remove all people from the earth.” This is what the Lord said.
4“I will punish Judah and the people living in Jerusalem. I will remove from this place any signs of Baal worship. No one will remember the priests who serve the idols there. 5And those who go up on their roofs to worship the stars will be forgotten. They worship me, the Lord, but they also use the name of the false god Milcom to make promises. 6They have turned away from me, the Lord. They have stopped following me. They no longer ask me, the Lord, for help.”
7Be silent before the Lord God, because the Lord’s day for judging the people is coming soon. The Lord has prepared his sacrifice, and he has told his invited guests to get ready.
8The Lord said, “On the Lord’s day of sacrifice, I will punish the king’s sons and other leaders. I will punish all the people wearing clothes from other countries. 9At that time I will punish all the people who jump over the threshold and those who fill their master’s house with lies and violence.”
10The Lord also said, “At that time people will be calling for help at Fish Gate in Jerusalem and mourning in the new part of town. They will hear the sound of destruction in the hills around the city. 11You people living in the lower part of town will cry, because all the traders and rich merchants will be destroyed.
12“At that time I will take a lamp and search through Jerusalem. I will find all those who are satisfied to live their own way. They say, ‘The Lord does nothing. He does not help, and he does not hurt!’ I will find them, and I will punish them. 13Then others will take their wealth and destroy their houses. Those who built houses will not live in them, and those who planted vineyards will not drink the wine from the grapes.”
14The Lord’s special day for judging is coming soon! It is near and coming fast. People will hear very sad sounds on the Lord’s special day of judgment. Even strong soldiers will cry. 15The Lord will show his anger at that time. It will be a time of terrible troubles and a time of destruction. It will be a time of darkness—a black, cloudy, and stormy day. 16It will be like a time of war when people hear horns and trumpets in the defense towers and protected cities.
17The Lord said, “I will make life very hard on the people. They will walk around like the blind who don’t know where they are going. That will happen because they sinned against the Lord. Their blood will be spilled on the ground. Their dead bodies will lie like dung on the ground. 18Their gold and silver will not help them! At that time the Lord will become very upset and angry. The Lord will destroy the whole world ! He will completely destroy everyone on earth!”
2Chapter

God Asks People to Change Their Lives

1Shameless people, change your lives 2before you become like a dry and dying flower. In the heat of day, a flower will wilt and die. You will be like that when the Lord shows his terrible anger. So change your lives before the Lord shows his anger against you! 3All you humble people, come to the Lord! Obey his laws. Learn to do good things. Learn to be humble. Maybe then you will be safe when the Lord shows his anger.

The Lord Will Punish Israel’s Neighbors

4No one will be left in Gaza. Ashkelon will be destroyed. By noon, the people will be forced to leave Ashdod. Ekron will be empty. 5You Cretans living by the sea, this message from the Lord is about you. Canaan, land of the Philistines, you will be destroyed—no one will live there! 6Your land by the sea will become empty fields for shepherds and their sheep. 7Then the land will belong to the survivors from Judah. The Lord their God will remember the people from Judah and restore their fortunes. Then they will let their sheep eat the grass in those fields. In the evenings they will lie down in the empty houses of Ashkelon.
8The Lord says, “I know what the people of Moab and Ammon did. They embarrassed my people. They took their land to make their own countries larger. 9So, as surely as I am alive, Moab and the people of Ammon will be destroyed like Sodom and Gomorrah. I am the Lord All-Powerful, the God of Israel, and I promise those countries will be destroyed completely forever. Their land will be overgrown with weeds. It will be like the land covered with salt by the Dead Sea. The survivors of my people will take that land and everything left in it.”
10This will happen to the people of Moab and Ammon because they were so proud and cruel and humiliated the people of the Lord All-Powerful. 11They will be afraid of the Lord, because he will destroy their gods. Then everyone in all the faraway lands will worship the Lord. 12People of Ethiopia, this even means you! The Lord’s sword will kill your people. 13Then the Lord will turn north and punish Assyria. He will destroy Nineveh—that city will be like an empty, dry desert. 14Only sheep and wild animals will live in those ruins. Owls and crows will sit on the columns that are left standing. Their calls will be heard coming through the windows. Crows will sit on the doorsteps. Black birds will make their homes in those empty houses. 15Nineveh is so proud now. It is such a happy city. The people think they are safe. They think Nineveh is the greatest place in the world, but it will be destroyed! It will be an empty place where only wild animals go to rest. People who pass by will whistle and shake their heads when they see how badly the city was destroyed.
3Chapter

The Future of Jerusalem

1Jerusalem, your people fought against God. They hurt other people, and you have been stained with sin. 2They didn’t listen to me or accept my teachings. Jerusalem didn’t trust the Lord. Jerusalem didn’t go to her God. 3Jerusalem’s leaders are like roaring lions. Her judges are like hungry wolves that come in the evening to attack the sheep—and in the morning nothing is left. 4Her prophets are always making secret plans to get more and more. Her priests have treated holy things as if they were not holy. They have done bad things to God’s teachings. 5But the Lord is still in that city, and he continues to be good. He does not do anything wrong. He continues to help his people. Morning after morning he makes good decisions for them. Not a day passes without his justice. He never gives a decision that is crooked or is something to be ashamed of.
6The Lord says, “I have destroyed whole nations and their defense towers. I destroyed their streets and now no one goes there anymore. Their cities are empty—no one lives there anymore. 7I tell you this so that you will learn a lesson. I want you to fear and respect me. If you do this, your home will not be destroyed, and I will not have to punish you the way I planned.” But those evil people only wanted to do more of the same evil things they had already done!
8The Lord said, “So just wait! Wait for me to stand and judge you. I have the right to bring people from many nations and use them to punish you. I will use them to show my anger against you. I will use them to show how upset I am—and the whole country will be destroyed. 9Then I will change people from other nations so that they can speak the language clearly and call out the name of the Lord. They will all worship me together, shoulder to shoulder, as one people. 10People will come all the way from the other side of the river in Ethiopia. My scattered people will come to me. My worshipers will come and bring their gifts to me.
11“Then, Jerusalem, you will no longer be ashamed of the wrong things your people do against me. That is because I will remove all the bad people from Jerusalem. I will take away all the proud people. There will not be any of them on my holy mountain. 12I will let only meek and humble people stay in my city, and they will trust the Lord’s name. 13The survivors of Israel will not do bad things or tell lies. They will not try to trick people with lies. They will be like sheep that eat and lie down in peace—and no one will bother them.”

A Happy Song

14Jerusalem, sing and be happy! Israel, shout for joy! Jerusalem, be happy and have fun!
15The Lord stopped your punishment. He destroyed your enemies’ strong towers. King of Israel, the Lord is with you. You don’t need to worry about anything bad happening.
16At that time Jerusalem will be told, “Be strong, don’t be afraid!
17The Lord your God is with you. He is like a powerful soldier. He will save you. He will show how much he loves you and how happy he is with you. He will laugh and be happy about you,
18like people at a party. I will take away your shame. I will make them stop hurting you.
19At that time I will punish those who hurt you. I will save my hurt people and bring back those who were forced to leave. I will give them praise and honor everywhere, even in places where they suffered shame.
20At that time I will lead you back home. I will bring your people back together. I will cause people everywhere to honor and praise you. You will see me bring back all the blessings you once had.” This is what the Lord said.
Study
Chapter 1
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The Day of the Lord. The remainder of the prophecy concerns the multifaceted “day of the LORD,” which on the one hand holds judgment (1:7–3:8), and on the other, hope (3:9–20). It affects not only God’s covenant nation (1:8–13; 2:1–3; 3:1–7) but others as well (1:14–18; 2:4–15). Looking to more immediate, historical fulfillment (2:4–15), it also points toward the distant future (1:14–18; 3:8–13; Acts 17:31; 2 Pet. 3:10; Rev. 20:11–15). On the theme of the “day of the Lord,” see note on Amos 5:18–20 and diagram.

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Heading. This verse introduces the genre, ultimate author, prophetic intermediary, and time period of the prophecy. Word opens other prophecies as well (e.g., Hos. 1:1; Joel 1:1; Mic. 1:1). Lord is the personal name of Israel’s God, Yahweh or Jehovah. See note on Ex. 3:15. Cushi, a proper name (Jer. 36:14), is also an ethnic designation for “Cushite, Ethiopian.” This could explain the inclusion of the genealogy indicating that Zephaniah is in fact an Israelite. Hezekiah is possibly the early, reforming fourteenth king of Judah (2 Kings 18:1–20:21; 2 Chron. 29:1–32:33). Josiah, the pious Judean king, reestablished worship of Yahweh (2 Kings 22:1–23:30; 2 Chron. 34:1–35:27; Jer. 1:2). Amon was an evil king of Judah like his apostate father Manasseh (2 Kings 21:19–26; 2 Chron. 33:21–25).

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Judgment Coming against Judah. God first directs his attention against all living beings (vv. 2–3), then more specifically against his own people, Judah, represented by their capital, Jerusalem (vv. 4–6).

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To sweep away is to completely remove or destroy something (1 Sam. 15:6; Jer. 16:5). Who and what will be swept away is specified in Zeph. 1:4–6; namely, “the remnant of Baal” and the “idolatrous priests” in Jerusalem (v. 4); all who practice idolatrous worship (“who bow down on the roofs to the host of the heavens” and who “swear by Milcom,” v. 5); and all “those who have turned back from following the LORD” (v. 6). In his holiness and his righteous judgment, God zealously destroys evil, sweeping away the lives of all “who do not seek the LORD” (v. 6).

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The listing of man and beast … the birds … and the fish highlights the totality of destruction through terms that occur in the creation account (Gen. 1:20, 24–25, 26–28). God, the Creator of everything, will destroy everything due to the sin of mankind, creation’s representative.

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Judah alone remained to serve as God’s new humanity since her northern neighbor Israel was exiled to Assyria in 722 B.C. Yet the presence of a righteous king such as Josiah (v. 1) was not enough to avert God’s judgment from Judah when other officials (v. 8; 3:3–5) and the people (1:9–12) were persisting in evil. Jerusalem, Judah’s capital, represented the entire nation. Baal (lit., lord, master) is the title commonly designating the Canaanite storm god, Hadad, whom Israel was prone to worship (Judg. 6:25; 1 Kings 16:31–32; 18). It could also refer to an Assyrian god, Bel. The term idolatrous priests is used only of pagan priests (cf. 2 Kings 23:5; Hos. 10:5).

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Host of the heavens refers to the astral deities worshiped by both Assyrians and Canaanites (Deut. 4:19; Jer. 19:13). Milcom is the god of the pagan Ammonites (1 Kings 11:5, 33). The law strictly prohibited mixing worship of God and a pagan deity (Ex. 20:3).

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The people turned back, becoming apostate and leaving their first faith (Isa. 59:13).

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Day of Sacrifice and Punishment. After an announcement of the day of the Lord (v. 7), practitioners of specific evil deeds are warned (vv. 8–9).

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The people are commanded to be silent, a sign of respect or fear (Amos 6:10; 8:3). The day of the LORD is the coming day in which God will judge his enemies (cf. Joel 1:8–3:8) and bless his followers (Zeph. 3:9–20). The sacrifice will be prepared by God himself, not dedicated to him as is customary. The guests will be consecrated. This either means (1) that they are to eat a holy meal (cf. 1 Sam. 16:5); or possibly (2) that they are themselves the sacrifice, in judgment of their sins.

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Officials and the king’s sons are the civil leadership punished for the nation’s sin. Those engaged in syncretism (combining service of God with things taken from other religions) during worship (2 Kings 10:22; Mal. 2:11) or in daily life (Neh. 13:30) appear to have worn some undefined foreign attire.

ESV

When one leaps over the threshold, it is a pagan routine, possibly a Philistine practice (cf. 1 Sam. 5:4–5). Violence and fraud are evil acts in opposition to the healing and truth that come from truly worshiping God (cf. Gen. 6:11). “Fraud” (Hb. mirmah) can also be translated “deceit,” as in Jer. 9:6 (cf. Isa. 53:9).

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The Coming Wrath. A litany of punishments is leveled against Jerusalem and its inhabitants (vv. 10–16) and against all humanity (vv. 17–18).

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Against God’s People. Inhabitants of specific Jerusalem neighborhoods are noted (vv. 10–11), their chief failing (complacency in sin) is mentioned (v. 12), and their punishment is detailed (vv. 13–16).

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The Fish Gate was probably the main northern city gate (2 Chron. 33:14), while the Second Quarter was a newer city section north of the temple (2 Kings 22:14). Jerusalem is surrounded by hills, but this could be a specific area, probably to the north, known to Zephaniah’s hearers.

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The location of the Mortar is uncertain, but it was possibly a mortar-shaped, or hollow, quarry (Judg. 15:19). Traders, lit., “Canaanites” (Prov. 31:24; Hos. 12:7), who became the later Phoenicians, were important merchants and traders.

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The complacent are those who “are thickening on their dregs” (esv footnote) like undisturbed wine that collects useless sediment. These lethargic people will not rouse themselves enough to save themselves. Since God has not yet judged their sin, perhaps they assume that he never will, not realizing that judgment can come any day (cf. James 5:1–9; 2 Pet. 3:3–4). The LORD will not do good, nor … ill is an expectation of the apathetic Judeans. Not denying the existence of God, they deny rather his ongoing activity in either blessing or punishing. This negates a core element of biblical theology: God is constantly active in history.

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Goods … houses … vineyards belong to the rich and powerful; those who can afford their own dwellings and lands will lose everything and do not seem to care. (See further the covenant curses for disobedience in Deut. 28:15–68.) They shall not inhabit them implies that, because of their sin, God will not allow them to enjoy the rewards of their work.

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God’s day is near and hastening fast. The importance of quickly responding to God is highlighted through emphasizing the impending judgment (v. 7). The mighty man cries aloud as the valiant hero lifts his battle cry (Isa. 42:13; cf. Zeph. 3:17) on God’s day.

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The description as a day of wrath highlights the judgmental nature of the day. It is described by a catalog of frightening terms, many of which accompany theophanies (appearances of God) in other contexts (e.g., Ex. 19:16–19) where God will act against his own people as if they were his enemy.

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Fortified cities speaks of even the most secure of Judah’s strongholds; they will prove vulnerable to her almighty God.

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Against All Humanity. Since sin is universal, so is God’s judgment of sinners.

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Instead of walking in God’s guidance, Judah will walk like the blind, staggering from her spiritual blindness (cf. Deut. 28:28, where blindness is a punishment for unfaithfulness). Blood … like dust … like dung renders the valuable worthless. Though blood carries life itself (Lev. 17:11), it will lose all its value like these two insignificant items (1 Kings 14:10; Zech. 9:3).

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Neither their silver nor their gold means that material valued by humans (cf. vv. 11, 13), which was often formed into idols (Isa. 2:20; 30:22), will not be able to withstand God, whether in its natural or idolatrous form. God’s jealousy means that he cherishes his position as unique in the affections of his people to such an extent that he makes it the foundation of his covenant with them (Ex. 20:3).