Nahum

1Chapter
1This book is the vision of Nahum from Elkosh. This is the sad message about the city of Nineveh.

The Lord Is Angry at Nineveh

2The Lord is a jealous God. The Lord punishes the guilty, and he is very angry. The Lord punishes his enemies, and he stays angry with them.
3The Lord is patient, but he is also very powerful! The Lord will punish the guilty; he will not let them go free. He will use whirlwinds and storms to show his power. People walk on the dusty ground, but he walks on the clouds.
4He will speak harshly to the sea, and it will become dry. He will dry up all the rivers. The rich lands of Bashan and Carmel become dry and dead. The flowers in Lebanon fade away.
5The Lord will come, and the mountains will shake and the hills will melt away. He will come, and the earth will shake with fear. The earth and everyone on it will shake with fear.
6No one can stand against his great anger. No one can endure his terrible anger. His anger will burn like fire. The rocks will shatter when he comes.
7The Lord is good. He is a safe place to go to in times of trouble. He takes care of those who trust him.
8But he will completely destroy his enemies. He will wash them away like a flood and chase them into the darkness.
9Why are you making plans against the Lord? He will bring complete destruction, so you will not cause trouble again.
10You will be destroyed completely like thornbushes burning under a pot. You will be destroyed like dry weeds that burn quickly.
11Someone from Nineveh is making evil plans against the Lord. That advisor is a worthless troublemaker.
12This is what the Lord said: “The people of Assyria are at full strength. They have many soldiers, but they will all be cut down. They will all be finished. My people, I made you suffer, but I will make you suffer no more.
13Now I will set you free from the power of Assyria. I will take the yoke off your neck and tear away the chains holding you.”
14King of Assyria, the Lord gave this command about you: “You will not have any descendants to wear your name. I will destroy your carved idols and metal statues that are in the temple of your gods. I am preparing your grave, because your end is coming soon! ”
15Judah, look! There, coming over the mountains, is a messenger bringing good news! He says there is peace. Judah, celebrate your special festivals and do what you promised. Those worthless troublemakers will not come through and attack you again. They have all been destroyed.
2Chapter

Nineveh Will Be Destroyed

1An enemy is coming to attack you, so guard the strong places of your city. Watch the road. Get ready for war. Prepare for battle!
2Yes, the Lord changed Jacob’s pride. He made it like Israel’s pride. The enemy destroyed them and ruined their grapevines.
3The shields of his soldiers are red. Their uniforms are bright red. Their chariots are shining like flames of fire and are lined up for battle. Their horses are ready to go.
4The chariots race wildly through the streets and rush back and forth through the square. They look like burning torches, like lightning flashing from place to place!
5The enemy calls for his best soldiers. They stumble as they rush ahead. They run to the wall and set up their shield over the battering ram.
6But the gates by the rivers are open, and the enemy comes flooding in and destroys the king’s palace.
7The enemy takes away the queen, and her slave girls moan sadly like doves. They beat their breasts to show their sadness.
8Nineveh is like a pool whose water is draining away. People yell, “Stop! Stop running away!” But it does not do any good.
9Take the silver! Take the gold! There are many things to take. There are many treasures.
10Now Nineveh is empty. Everything is stolen. The city is ruined. People have lost their courage, their hearts melt with fear, their knees knock together, their bodies shake, and their faces turn pale.
11Where is that great city now? It was like a den where the lions feed their young. It was a place where people felt safe, like lions in a cave with no one there to harm them.
12The lion was able to catch plenty of food to feed his cubs and his mate. He filled his cave with the animals he killed. He filled his den with the meat he gathered.
13The Lord All-Powerful says, “I am against you, Nineveh. I will burn your chariots and kill your ‘young lions’ in battle. You will not hunt anyone on earth again. People will never again hear bad news from your messengers.”
3Chapter

Bad News for Nineveh

1It will be very bad for that city of murderers. Nineveh is a city full of lies. It is filled with things taken from other countries. It is filled with plenty of people that it hunted and killed.
2You can hear the sounds of whips and the noise of wheels. You can hear horses galloping and chariots bouncing along!
3Soldiers on horses are attacking, their swords are shining, their spears are gleaming! There are many dead people. Dead bodies are piled up—too many bodies to count. People are tripping over the dead bodies.
4All this happened because of Nineveh. Nineveh is like a prostitute who could never get enough. She wanted more and more. She sold herself to many nations, and she used her magic to make them her slaves.
5The Lord All-Powerful says, “I am against you, Nineveh. I will pull your dress up over your face. I will let the nations see your naked body. The kingdoms will see your shame.
6I will throw dirty things on you and treat you in a hateful way. People will look at you and laugh.
7Everyone who sees you will be shocked. They will say, ‘Nineveh is destroyed. Who will cry for her?’ I know I cannot find anyone to comfort you, Nineveh.”
8Nineveh, are you better than Thebes on the Nile River? Thebes also had water all around her to protect herself from enemies. She used that water like a wall too. 9Ethiopia and Egypt made Thebes strong. Libya and the Sudan supported her, 10but Thebes was defeated. Her people were taken away as prisoners to a foreign country. Soldiers beat her small children to death at every street corner. They threw lots to see who got to keep the important people as slaves. They put chains on all the important men of Thebes.
11So, Nineveh, you will also fall like a drunk. You will try to hide. You will look for a safe place away from the enemy. 12But Nineveh, all your strong places will be like fig trees. When new figs become ripe, people come and shake the tree. The figs fall into their mouths. They eat them, and the figs are gone.
13Nineveh, your people are all like women—and the enemy soldiers are ready to take them. The gates of your land are open wide for your enemies to come in. Fire has destroyed the wooden bars across the gates.
14Get water and store it inside your city, because the enemy soldiers will surround your city. Make your defenses strong! Get clay to make more bricks and mix the mortar. Get the molds for making bricks. 15You can do all these things, but the fire will still destroy you completely. And the sword will kill you. Your land will look like a swarm of grasshoppers came and ate everything. Nineveh, you grew and grew. You became like a swarm of grasshoppers. You were like a swarm of locusts. 16You have many traders who go places and buy things. They are as many as the stars in the sky. They are like locusts that come and eat until everything is gone and then leave. 17And your government officials are also like locusts that settle on a stone wall on a cold day. But when the sun comes up, the rocks become warm, and the locusts all fly away. And no one knows where.
18King of Assyria, your shepherds fell asleep. These powerful men are sleeping. And now your sheep have wandered away on the mountains. There is no one to bring them back. 19Nineveh, you have been hurt badly, and nothing can heal your wound. Everyone who hears the news of your destruction claps their hands. They are all happy, because they all felt the pain you caused again and again.
Study
Chapter 3
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Again, Focus on Nineveh: More concerning the Lord’s Coming Judgment. This last major section of the book repeats most of the themes of the preceding section (2:1–13). Absent in ch. 3 is a reference to the plundering of Nineveh (2:9), and new in this section is the comparison of Nineveh’s downfall to the destruction of Thebes (3:8–11).

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Reasons for Judgment: The Violence, Lying, and Greed of Nineveh. bloody. The Assyrians were notorious for the atrocities they committed. lies. Second Kings 18:31–32 is an example of lying ultimately being traced back to the king who ruled from Nineveh (cf. 2 Chron. 28:20). plunder … prey. See Nah. 2:11–13.

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Military Action at Nineveh and the Ensuing Slaughter of the Assyrians. Nahum quickly flashes to a vivid picture of the coalition forces attacking and entering Nineveh and slaughtering the Assyrians (cf. 2:3–5). Again, the details seem to come from an eyewitness.

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Reasons for Judgment: The Wickedness of Nineveh. This verse uses figurative language to present reasons for the destruction of Nineveh. whorings. As the capital of idolatrous Assyria, Nineveh continually engaged in many violations of God’s will. graceful … deadly charms. Nineveh, with its power and wealth, exerted a corrupting influence throughout the Near East (cf. 2 Kings 16:18). betrays. The monarchy based in Nineveh did not hesitate to use treachery and deceit (see Nah. 3:1) to achieve its aims.

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The Lord Speaks a Word of Judgment. The seductive prostitute (i.e., Nineveh; see v. 4) will receive a punishment befitting her shameful trade. The figurative language dramatically conveys the message that God will bring Nineveh’s wicked activity to an end and utterly humiliate the city by having it conquered and devastated. Its disgrace would be internationally known.

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Behold, I am against you. Cf. 2:13. This repetition emphasizes the certainty of Nineveh’s doom.

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who will grieve for her? The answer to the rhetorical question is that no one will grieve or comfort, not even some of those who gave in to the enticements of the alluring prostitute (but had no real love for her). People will shrink back, or flee, in horror at the sight of what will happen to Nineveh.

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Comparison with the Conquest of Thebes. The prophet now recalls an event that was well known in the Near East, especially to the Assyrians, at the time of his writing: the capture and destruction of the Egyptian city of Thebes by the Assyrians in 664/663 B.C. To all who think it is impossible that Nineveh would fall, Nahum says, “Look at what happened to Thebes!”

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Are you better than Thebes …? Nineveh was not better fortified and did not appear more invincible than Thebes, a very important, powerful city located in southern Egypt (about 400 miles/644 km from the Mediterranean). Nile … water around her. This mighty river, along with canals and channels from the Nile that surrounded most of Thebes, was an aspect of the city’s strong defense system and its seeming invulnerability. Rampart a sea is a poetic reference to the Nile (cf. Isa. 19:5), which was about half a mile wide at Thebes. The Nile, canals, and channels formed a natural outer wall for the city. Nineveh did not have similar protection.

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Cush was the region just south of Egypt. Egypt refers to military aid coming from northern Egypt. The location of Put is not certain; perhaps it was situated along the north African coastline, just to the west of Libya, which was just to the west of the Nile delta region of Egypt. While Thebes could count on military assistance from these different areas, Assyria could not rely on help from any region.

ESV

Despite these strategic advantages, Thebes was taken by the Assyrians, sacked, and destroyed, and its inhabitants either slaughtered or taken off as exiles. lots were cast. The Assyrian soldiers cast lots to determine who would get the more highly prized men (with their education and skills) as slaves.

ESV

This verse directly applies vv. 8–10: “Nineveh, you can expect the same!” Just as a drunken man cannot effectively defend himself against an attacker, so Nineveh will not be able to turn back its enemies. hiding. Figuratively, Nineveh will be conquered and humiliated such that, if it could, the city would go into hiding from fear and shame. More literally, this could refer to the remnant band of Assyrians who fled to the west and temporarily had their base at Haran (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background). Nineveh will find no refuge, unlike those who put their trust in the Lord (1:7).

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A Taunting Song Presenting Nineveh’s Inevitable Destruction Because of the City’s Incessant Evil. After finishing the analogy with Thebes, the book concludes with a taunting song presenting Nineveh’s total defeat because of the city’s ceaseless evil.

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The Assyrian fortresses surrounding Nineveh will be the first to encounter the advancing enemy army. The coalition forces will easily and quickly take these strongholds, with two results: First, the gates of Assyria will be wide open to the enemies since the fortresses which guarded those entrances have been destroyed. Second, the troops, i.e., the soldiers within Nineveh, will be demoralized and filled with fear so that they cannot acquit themselves as men in the coming siege. fire. See 2:13; 3:15. Your bars, that is, the bars or bolts of the gates, which had kept these entrances closed.

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As the enemy draws close, Nahum tells the city to get ready for the siege (see 2:1). However, any preparations they make will be useless. Draw water. The Ninevites can anticipate that the enemy will shut off the city’s water supply by closing the river gates (see 2:6) and blocking the aqueduct system built by Sennacherib. Water could be stored inside the city in vessels and cisterns. forts. The fortresses and other fortifications at the walls and within the city would be strengthened or repaired with bricks, which were made from clay, shaped by molds, and held together with mortar.

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No matter how well supplied and fortified Nineveh is, there the inhabitants will die. fire. Archaeologists have found evidence of a devastating fire at Nineveh. sword. Cf. 2:13. There will be mass extermination of the Ninevites, as when a locust plague strips the countryside of all vegetation (e.g., Joel 1:4–10). Multiply … locust … grasshopper. Nahum sarcastically tells the Ninevites, in preparation for the siege, to multiply themselves greatly and thus increase their strength.

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You increased your merchants. When Nineveh was the proud capital of a vast empire, her merchants brought enormous wealth to the city. Now, however, these merchants, and the huge treasure in Nineveh, will do the city no good. The locust … flies away. Cf. v. 15. The enemy, having devoured all that there was in Nineveh through plundering (and slaughter and destruction), will quickly leave the scene.

ESV

Like swarms of grasshoppers or locusts that quickly fly away and disappear, some of the leading men of Nineveh, who for a while had been very prominent, will flee at the appearance of the enemy overrunning the city. Scribes were probably a type of official, perhaps “secretaries.”

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king of Assyria. Cf. 1:11. Nahum, surveying the wreckage of Nineveh, addresses its monarchy with sarcastic language. Many of Nineveh’s shepherds (leaders and officials) and nobles are sleeping the slumber of death. Many of the people are forever dispersed. This verse may imply, since the king is alive to see the aftermath, that a shadow of the Assyrian monarchy would continue (briefly) after the fall of Nineveh (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background). The wound that is grievous is a fatal injury. The Assyrian monarchy has received a mortal blow, and the absolute end is imminent. unceasing evil. The reign of the Assyrian emperors from Nineveh had continually caused terror and suffering. Nahum foretells that the Assyrian monarchy, and Nineveh, will experience this same evil that it meted out to other peoples of the Near East. Nahum ends his book with a rhetorical question, joining Jonah as the only other biblical writer to do so.