Nahum

1Chapter
1This book is the vision of Nahum from Elkosh. This is the sad message about the city of Nineveh.

The Lord Is Angry at Nineveh

2The Lord is a jealous God. The Lord punishes the guilty, and he is very angry. The Lord punishes his enemies, and he stays angry with them.
3The Lord is patient, but he is also very powerful! The Lord will punish the guilty; he will not let them go free. He will use whirlwinds and storms to show his power. People walk on the dusty ground, but he walks on the clouds.
4He will speak harshly to the sea, and it will become dry. He will dry up all the rivers. The rich lands of Bashan and Carmel become dry and dead. The flowers in Lebanon fade away.
5The Lord will come, and the mountains will shake and the hills will melt away. He will come, and the earth will shake with fear. The earth and everyone on it will shake with fear.
6No one can stand against his great anger. No one can endure his terrible anger. His anger will burn like fire. The rocks will shatter when he comes.
7The Lord is good. He is a safe place to go to in times of trouble. He takes care of those who trust him.
8But he will completely destroy his enemies. He will wash them away like a flood and chase them into the darkness.
9Why are you making plans against the Lord? He will bring complete destruction, so you will not cause trouble again.
10You will be destroyed completely like thornbushes burning under a pot. You will be destroyed like dry weeds that burn quickly.
11Someone from Nineveh is making evil plans against the Lord. That advisor is a worthless troublemaker.
12This is what the Lord said: “The people of Assyria are at full strength. They have many soldiers, but they will all be cut down. They will all be finished. My people, I made you suffer, but I will make you suffer no more.
13Now I will set you free from the power of Assyria. I will take the yoke off your neck and tear away the chains holding you.”
14King of Assyria, the Lord gave this command about you: “You will not have any descendants to wear your name. I will destroy your carved idols and metal statues that are in the temple of your gods. I am preparing your grave, because your end is coming soon! ”
15Judah, look! There, coming over the mountains, is a messenger bringing good news! He says there is peace. Judah, celebrate your special festivals and do what you promised. Those worthless troublemakers will not come through and attack you again. They have all been destroyed.
2Chapter

Nineveh Will Be Destroyed

1An enemy is coming to attack you, so guard the strong places of your city. Watch the road. Get ready for war. Prepare for battle!
2Yes, the Lord changed Jacob’s pride. He made it like Israel’s pride. The enemy destroyed them and ruined their grapevines.
3The shields of his soldiers are red. Their uniforms are bright red. Their chariots are shining like flames of fire and are lined up for battle. Their horses are ready to go.
4The chariots race wildly through the streets and rush back and forth through the square. They look like burning torches, like lightning flashing from place to place!
5The enemy calls for his best soldiers. They stumble as they rush ahead. They run to the wall and set up their shield over the battering ram.
6But the gates by the rivers are open, and the enemy comes flooding in and destroys the king’s palace.
7The enemy takes away the queen, and her slave girls moan sadly like doves. They beat their breasts to show their sadness.
8Nineveh is like a pool whose water is draining away. People yell, “Stop! Stop running away!” But it does not do any good.
9Take the silver! Take the gold! There are many things to take. There are many treasures.
10Now Nineveh is empty. Everything is stolen. The city is ruined. People have lost their courage, their hearts melt with fear, their knees knock together, their bodies shake, and their faces turn pale.
11Where is that great city now? It was like a den where the lions feed their young. It was a place where people felt safe, like lions in a cave with no one there to harm them.
12The lion was able to catch plenty of food to feed his cubs and his mate. He filled his cave with the animals he killed. He filled his den with the meat he gathered.
13The Lord All-Powerful says, “I am against you, Nineveh. I will burn your chariots and kill your ‘young lions’ in battle. You will not hunt anyone on earth again. People will never again hear bad news from your messengers.”
3Chapter

Bad News for Nineveh

1It will be very bad for that city of murderers. Nineveh is a city full of lies. It is filled with things taken from other countries. It is filled with plenty of people that it hunted and killed.
2You can hear the sounds of whips and the noise of wheels. You can hear horses galloping and chariots bouncing along!
3Soldiers on horses are attacking, their swords are shining, their spears are gleaming! There are many dead people. Dead bodies are piled up—too many bodies to count. People are tripping over the dead bodies.
4All this happened because of Nineveh. Nineveh is like a prostitute who could never get enough. She wanted more and more. She sold herself to many nations, and she used her magic to make them her slaves.
5The Lord All-Powerful says, “I am against you, Nineveh. I will pull your dress up over your face. I will let the nations see your naked body. The kingdoms will see your shame.
6I will throw dirty things on you and treat you in a hateful way. People will look at you and laugh.
7Everyone who sees you will be shocked. They will say, ‘Nineveh is destroyed. Who will cry for her?’ I know I cannot find anyone to comfort you, Nineveh.”
8Nineveh, are you better than Thebes on the Nile River? Thebes also had water all around her to protect herself from enemies. She used that water like a wall too. 9Ethiopia and Egypt made Thebes strong. Libya and the Sudan supported her, 10but Thebes was defeated. Her people were taken away as prisoners to a foreign country. Soldiers beat her small children to death at every street corner. They threw lots to see who got to keep the important people as slaves. They put chains on all the important men of Thebes.
11So, Nineveh, you will also fall like a drunk. You will try to hide. You will look for a safe place away from the enemy. 12But Nineveh, all your strong places will be like fig trees. When new figs become ripe, people come and shake the tree. The figs fall into their mouths. They eat them, and the figs are gone.
13Nineveh, your people are all like women—and the enemy soldiers are ready to take them. The gates of your land are open wide for your enemies to come in. Fire has destroyed the wooden bars across the gates.
14Get water and store it inside your city, because the enemy soldiers will surround your city. Make your defenses strong! Get clay to make more bricks and mix the mortar. Get the molds for making bricks. 15You can do all these things, but the fire will still destroy you completely. And the sword will kill you. Your land will look like a swarm of grasshoppers came and ate everything. Nineveh, you grew and grew. You became like a swarm of grasshoppers. You were like a swarm of locusts. 16You have many traders who go places and buy things. They are as many as the stars in the sky. They are like locusts that come and eat until everything is gone and then leave. 17And your government officials are also like locusts that settle on a stone wall on a cold day. But when the sun comes up, the rocks become warm, and the locusts all fly away. And no one knows where.
18King of Assyria, your shepherds fell asleep. These powerful men are sleeping. And now your sheep have wandered away on the mountains. There is no one to bring them back. 19Nineveh, you have been hurt badly, and nothing can heal your wound. Everyone who hears the news of your destruction claps their hands. They are all happy, because they all felt the pain you caused again and again.
Study
Chapter 1
ESV

Introduction. The double title in this superscription for the book is unique in the OT: oracle (Hb. massa’) denotes a prophetic utterance or proclamation (see note on Hab. 1:1), and vision (Hb. khazon) indicates how God communicated the contents of the book to Nahum. In Nahum, the name Nineveh occurs again only in 2:8 and 3:7.

CSB

Even Christians who are firmly convinced of the authority and inspiration of the Scriptures tend to minimize, or explain away, descriptions of the wrath and vengeance of God such as Nahum presented here. While it may not be appropriate to use such passages when first approaching people with a view to persuading them of the truth of the Bible, eventually there comes a time when we cannot avoid the question of how God’s wrath and vengeance are related to his love. Pursuing these connections requires thought, courage, and a willingness to come to know God as he is and not as we might wish him to be. Conversion to the faith of Christ is not simply a matter of “asking Jesus to come into your heart.” It involves a metanoia (the NT word for “repentance”), which means, literally, a “change of mind.” In other words, becoming a believer involves adopting a new worldview, or perspective on reality. The modern Western worldview has blurred distinctions between right and wrong, and within such a perspective there is no place for the wrath and judgment of God. But when one’s perspective changes, and it becomes evident that God is a moral force to be reckoned with, then it becomes equally apparent that serious consequences ensue for those who attempt to live without regard for his plan for human life (Rm 1:16-32).

ESV

A Psalm Descriptively Praising the Lord. This praise is general in nature, describing God as he has been and will be throughout world history.

ESV

a The Lord Takes Vengeance on His Guilty Adversaries. The Lord is jealous with regard to his own honor and those in covenant fellowship with him. avenging. God’s holy anger is righteous and just, in defense of his word and his people. keeps wrath. God holds back the venting of his anger until an appropriate time (cf. Ps. 103:9). slow to anger (Ex. 34:6). God’s patience explains why the wicked often do not immediately receive the judgment they deserve (cf. Ezek. 33:11). great in power. The delay in deserved judgment is not due to a lack of power or control on God’s part. will by no means clear the guilty (cf. Ex. 34:7). That the wicked seemingly prosper does not mean God regards them as innocent or has forgotten their iniquity.

ESV

b whirlwind and storm. A possible polemic against the storm-god(s) theology of many ancient Near Eastern religions.

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b–6 The Lord Rules Creation in Majesty, and No One Can Stand before His Wrath. God’s interaction with, and his effect on, nature and the natural world is described in figurative language illustrating God’s awesome majesty and omnipotence.

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rebukes the sea … dries up … rivers. Cf. the exodus (Exodus 14) and conquest (Joshua 3–4). Bashan, a northern Transjordanian region, was famous for its rich pasturelands. Carmel, a mountain next to the Mediterranean Sea and close to Lower Galilee, was well known for its beauty and luxuriant countryside. Lebanon, a mountainous region just to the north of Israel, was noted for its forests. For a similar reference to these three regions, see Isa. 33:9. Hills and mountains are symbols of permanence and immovability, but even they cannot stand before God.

ESV

wrath. See v. 2. Fire is a frequent image used in the OT to emphasize God’s fierce and all-consuming wrath (e.g., Gen. 19:24; Ps. 11:6; Amos 5:6). Rocks represent the hardest objects in nature, easily shattered by the Lord.

ESV

The Lord Delivers Those Who Take Refuge in Him. In contrast to his anger, God is good to his people, blessing those who trust in him. stronghold. The Lord is the never-failing protector of his people. He will keep them safe and rescue them from human and spiritual enemies (e.g., Ps. 27:1; 37:39; Isa. 17:10; Jer. 16:19). God knows his people with love and affection, which results in his benevolent actions.

ESV

The Lord Destroys His Adversaries. A striking contrast to v. 7. This alternation at the end of the first major section (vv. 2–8) sets the pattern for a similar alternation in the next section (vv. 9–15). The description in v. 8 of God dealing with his “enemies” echoes v. 2. Like an overflowing flood, God’s judgment is overwhelming; Nineveh was to be destroyed by a flood (see 2:6, 8). complete end … darkness. God’s judgment will culminate with removal from this life and everlasting damnation.

ESV

The Lord’s Coming Judgment on Nineveh and Deliverance of Judah. The preceding section (vv. 2–8) presented in a general way the omnipotent cosmic monarch’s attitude toward, and action with, his enemies and his people. In this section (vv. 9–15) the focus turns to Nineveh and Judah, alternating between the Lord’s coming judgment on Nineveh and his deliverance of Judah.

ESV

a The Destruction of Wicked, Plotting Nineveh. God addresses Nineveh, saying that in spite of her plots and might, she will fall.

ESV

You is masculine plural in Hebrew, presumably addressing the Assyrians (cf. the superscription in v. 1, “concerning Nineveh,” the capital of Assyria). plot. Plots to harm God’s people are ultimately against the LORD himself. complete end. See v. 8; here it is specifically applied to Nineveh. Trouble (cf. v. 7) is what Judah experienced because of oppressive Assyria.

ESV

Entangled thorns can be thrown en masse into the fire, just as the Assyrians as a whole will be wiped out. Like drunkards, the Assyrians will be unable to defend themselves successfully against their attackers. The image of burning dry stubble, a frequent one in the OT, conveys the sense of quick extermination.

ESV

You is feminine singular in Hebrew and thus refers to the city of Nineveh (see v. 9). one who … worthless counselor. Either a reference to a particular wicked Assyrian king or to the series of evil Assyrian kings who reigned in Nineveh after Sennacherib made that city the capital (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background).

ESV

a they. The Assyrians. full strength. Assyria was likely at the height of its power when Nahum wrote (see Introduction: Date). many. The Assyrian army was large enough to manage a number of extensive conquests (e.g., 2 Kings 19:35) and maintain control of the empire for lengthy periods of time. will be cut down and pass away. God would end the military dominance of the Assyrians, and they would pass from the pages of history (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background).

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b–13 Judah, Having Been Afflicted by the Lord, Is Freed from Assyrian Bondage. The Assyrian yoke was only temporary, for God’s purposes.

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b Though I have afflicted you. Suddenly God addresses Judah (see v. 15). This dramatic change in the flow of v. 12, the direct address, and the initial anonymity of the addressee were attention-getting devices emphasizing the announcement of good news that follows. God had used the Assyrians to chasten wayward Judah. I will afflict you no more. Since God would overthrow Nineveh, the Assyrians would never again be Judah’s scourge.

ESV

His yoke refers to the burdensome rule of the Assyrian monarchs (cf. v. 11) over Judah. About 734/733 B.C., during the reign of Ahaz (2 Kings 16:7–8), the southern kingdom had become a vassal state of Assyria. This involved paying heavy tribute to the Assyrians (cf. 2 Kings 18:13–16) and other oppressive measures. When Judah revolted under Hezekiah, the Assyrians in 701 B.C. devastated the land (2 Kings 18:13; Isa. 7:18–25; 8:5–8) and took away many people and much plunder. break … burst. The vassalage of Judah lasted until the reign of Josiah (640–609 B.C.), when Assyria began to decline rapidly and finally ceased to be a nation (see Introduction: Date).

ESV

The Termination of Vile, Idolatrous Nineveh. You is masculine singular in Hebrew. Nahum suddenly switches to directly addressing the Assyrian king(s) (see v. 11): the Assyrian monarchy would come to a decisive end. This implies the total conquest of Assyria and the irreversible fall of Nineveh. the house of your gods I will cut off. Complete defeat of the Assyrian ruler would also be marked by the desecration of his temple and the destruction or removal of his idols, which represented the gods who he believed gave him power, wealth, and descendants. Archaeologists have noted the complete destruction that Nineveh’s temples underwent.

ESV

Peace and Deliverance for Judah. This verse concludes the second major portion of the book (vv. 9–15). Nahum returns to addressing Judah. What he has foretold with regard to Nineveh, the Assyrian monarchy, and the Assyrians he now considers as good as accomplished. upon the mountains. The imagery is that of a messenger bearing the good news of the fall and devastation of Nineveh. The people first catch sight of him running along the Judean mountains (cf. Isa. 52:7). peace. Judah does not have to be afraid of any more military action and oppression coming from Assyria (on peace in the OT and NT, cf. note on John 14:27). Keep your feasts. These festivals would remind the people of the Lord’s past acts of deliverance and the future hope of the coming Messiah. At the feasts they would also, as a nation, worship the Lord and give him proper thanks and praise. fulfill your vows. Some in Judah voluntarily made vows to the Lord to give him thank offerings. the worthless. I.e., the Assyrians (cf. Nah. 1:11).