Hebrews

1Chapter

God Has Spoken Through His Son

1In the past God spoke to our people through the prophets. He spoke to them many times and in many different ways. 2And now in these last days, God has spoken to us again through his Son. He made the whole world through his Son. And he has chosen his Son to have all things. 3The Son shows the glory of God. He is a perfect copy of God’s nature, and he holds everything together by his powerful command. The Son made people clean from their sins. Then he sat down at the right side of God, the Great One in heaven. 4The Son became much greater than the angels, and God gave him a name that is much greater than any of their names.
5“I will be his Father, and he will be my son.”
6And then, when God presents his firstborn Son to the world, he says, “Let all God’s angels worship him.”
7“He changes his angels into winds and his servants into flaming fire.”
8“God, your kingdom will last forever and ever. You use your authority for justice.
9You love what is right and hate what is wrong. So God, your God, has chosen you, giving you more honor and joy than anyone like you.”
10“O Lord, in the beginning you made the earth, and your hands made the sky.
11These things will disappear, but you will stay. They will all wear out like old clothes.
12You will fold them up like a coat, and they will be changed like clothes. But you never change, and your life will never end.”
13“Sit at my right side until I put your enemies under your power. ”
14All the angels are spirits who serve God and are sent to help those who will receive salvation.
2Chapter

Our Salvation Is Greater Than the Law

1So we must be more careful to follow what we were taught. We must be careful so that we will not be pulled away from the true way. 2The teaching that God spoke through angels was shown to be true. And every time his people did something against that teaching, they were punished for what they did. They were punished when they did not obey that teaching. 3So surely we also will be punished if we don’t pay attention to the salvation we have that is so great. It was the Lord Jesus who first told people about it. And those who heard him proved to us that it is true. 4God also proved it by using miraculous signs, wonders, and all kinds of miracles. And he proved it by giving people various gifts through the Holy Spirit in just the way he wanted.

Christ Became Like People to Save Them

5God did not choose angels to be the rulers over the new world that was coming. That future world is the world we have been talking about. 6“Why are people so important to you? Why do you even think about them? Why do you care about the son of man ? Is he so important?
7For a short time you made him lower than the angels. You crowned him with glory and honor.
8You put everything under his control. ” If God put everything under his control, then there was nothing left that he did not rule. But we don’t yet see him ruling over everything. 9For a short time Jesus was made lower than the angels, but now we see him wearing a crown of glory and honor because he suffered and died. Because of God’s grace, Jesus died for everyone.
10God—the one who made all things and for whose glory all things exist—wanted many people to be his children and share his glory. So he did what he needed to do. He made perfect the one who leads those people to salvation. He made Jesus a perfect Savior through his suffering.
11Jesus, the one who makes people holy, and those who are made holy are from the same family. So he is not ashamed to call them his brothers and sisters. 12“God, I will tell my brothers and sisters about you. Before all your people I will sing your praises.”
13He also says, “I will trust in God.” And he says, “I am here, and with me are the children God has given me.”
14These children are people with physical bodies. So Jesus himself became like them and had the same experiences they have. Jesus did this so that, by dying, he could destroy the one who has the power of death—the devil. 15Jesus became like these people and died so that he could free them. They were like slaves all their lives because of their fear of death. 16Clearly, it is not angels that Jesus helps. He helps the people who are from Abraham. 17For this reason, Jesus had to be made like us, his brothers and sisters, in every way. He became like people so that he could be their merciful and faithful high priest in service to God. Then he could bring forgiveness for the people’s sins. 18And now he can help those who are tempted. He is able to help because he himself suffered and was tempted.
3Chapter

Jesus Is Greater Than Moses

1So, my brothers and sisters, those chosen by God to be his holy people, think about Jesus. He is the one we believe God sent to save us and to be our high priest. 2God made him our high priest, and he was faithful to God just as Moses was. He did everything God wanted him to do in God’s house. 3When someone builds a house, people will honor the builder more than the house. It is the same with Jesus. He should have more honor than Moses. 4Every house is built by someone, but God built everything. 5Moses was faithful as a servant in God’s whole house. He told people what God would say in the future. 6But Christ is faithful in ruling God’s house as the Son. And we are God’s house, if we remain confident of the great hope we are glad to say we have.

We Must Continue to Follow God

7“If you hear God’s voice today,
8don’t be stubborn as you were in the past, when you turned against God. That was the day you tested God in the desert.
9For 40 years in the desert, your people saw what I did. But they tested me and my patience.
10So I was angry with them. I said, ‘Their thoughts are always wrong. They have never understood my ways.’
11So I was angry and made a promise: ‘They will never enter my place of rest.’”
12So, brothers and sisters, be careful that none of you has the evil thoughts that cause so much doubt that you stop following the living God. 13But encourage each other every day, while you still have something called “today. ” Help each other so that none of you will be fooled by sin and become too hard to change. 14We have the honor of sharing in all that Christ has if we continue until the end to have the sure faith we had in the beginning. 15“If you hear God’s voice today, don’t be stubborn as in the past when you turned against God.”
16Who were those who heard God’s voice and turned against him? It was all the people Moses led out of Egypt. 17And who was God angry with for 40 years? He was angry with those who sinned. And their dead bodies were left in the desert. 18And which people was God talking to when he promised that they would never enter his place of rest? He was talking to those who did not obey him. 19So we see that they were not allowed to enter and have God’s rest, because they did not believe.
4Chapter
1And we still have the promise that God gave those people. That promise is that we can enter his place of rest. So we should be very careful that none of you fails to get that promise. 2Yes, the good news about it was told to us just as it was to them. But the message they heard did not help them. They heard it but did not accept it with faith. 3“I was angry and made a promise: ‘They will never enter my place of rest.’” But God’s work was finished from the time he made the world. 4Yes, somewhere in the Scriptures he talked about the seventh day of the week. He said, “So on the seventh day God rested from all his work.” 5But in the Scripture above God said, “They will never enter my place of rest.”
6So the opportunity is still there for some to enter and enjoy God’s rest. But those who first heard the good news about it did not enter, because they did not obey. 7“If you hear God’s voice today, don’t be stubborn.”
8We know that Joshua did not lead the people into the place of rest that God promised. We know this because God spoke later about another day for rest. 9This shows that the seventh-day rest for God’s people is still to come. 10God rested after he finished his work. So everyone who enters God’s place of rest will also have rest from their own work just as God did. 11So let us try as hard as we can to enter God’s place of rest. We must try hard so that none of us will be lost by following the example of those who refused to obey God.
12God’s word is alive and working. It is sharper than the sharpest sword and cuts all the way into us. It cuts deep to the place where the soul and the spirit are joined. God’s word cuts to the center of our joints and our bones. It judges the thoughts and feelings in our hearts. 13Nothing in all the world can be hidden from God. He can clearly see all things. Everything is open before him. And to him we must explain the way we have lived.

Jesus Christ Is Our High Priest

14We have a great high priest who has gone to live with God in heaven. He is Jesus the Son of God. So let us continue to express our faith in him. 15Jesus, our high priest, is able to understand our weaknesses. When Jesus lived on earth, he was tempted in every way. He was tempted in the same ways we are tempted, but he never sinned. 16With Jesus as our high priest, we can feel free to come before God’s throne where there is grace. There we receive mercy and kindness to help us when we need it.
5Chapter
1Every Jewish high priest is chosen from among men. That priest is given the work of helping people with the things they must do for God. He must offer to God gifts and sacrifices for sins. 2The high priest has his own weaknesses. So he is able to be gentle with those who do wrong out of ignorance. 3He offers sacrifices for their sins, but he must also offer sacrifices for his own sins.
4To be a high priest is an honor. But no one chooses himself for this work. That person must be chosen by God just as Aaron was. 5“You are my Son. Today I have become your Father.”
6“You are a priest forever— the kind of priest Melchizedek was.”
7While Jesus lived on earth he prayed to God, asking for help from the one who could save him from death. He prayed to God with loud cries and tears. And his prayers were answered because of his great respect for God. 8Jesus was the Son of God, but he still suffered, and through his sufferings he learned to obey whatever God says. 9This made him the perfect high priest, who provides the way for everyone who obeys him to be saved forever. 10God made him high priest, just like Melchizedek.

Warning Against Falling Away

11We have many things to tell you about this. But it is hard to explain because you have stopped trying to understand. 12You have had enough time that by now you should be teachers. But you need someone to teach you again the first lessons of God’s teaching. You still need the teaching that is like milk. You are not ready for solid food. 13Anyone who lives on milk is still a baby and is not able to understand much about living right. 14But solid food is for people who have grown up. From their experience they have learned to see the difference between good and evil.
6Chapter
1-2So we should be finished with the beginning lessons about Christ. We should not have to keep going back to where we started. We began our new life by turning away from the evil we did in the past and by believing in God. That’s when we were taught about baptisms, laying hands on people, the resurrection of those who have died, and the final judgment. Now we need to go forward to more mature teaching. 3And that’s what we will do if God allows.
4-6After people have left the way of Christ, can you make them change their lives again? I am talking about people who once learned the truth, received God’s gift, and shared in the Holy Spirit. They were blessed to hear God’s good message and see the great power of his new world. But then they left it all behind, and it is not possible to make them change again. That’s because those who leave Christ are nailing him to the cross again, shaming him before everyone.
7Some people are like land that gets plenty of rain and produces a good crop for those who farm it. That kind of land has God’s blessing. 8But other people are like land that grows only thorns and weeds. It is worthless and in danger of being cursed by God. It will be destroyed by fire.
9Dear friends, I am not saying this because I think it is happening to you. We really expect that you will do better—that you will do the good things that will result in your salvation. 10God is fair, and he will remember all the work you have done. He will remember that you showed your love to him by helping his people and that you continue to help them. 11We want each of you to be willing and eager to show your love like that the rest of your life. Then you will be sure to get what you hope for. 12We don’t want you to be lazy. We want you to be like those who, because of their faith and patience, will get what God has promised.
13God made a promise to Abraham. And there is no one greater than God, so he made the promise with an oath in his own name—an oath that he would do what he promised. 14He said, “I will surely bless you. I will give you many descendants.” 15Abraham waited patiently for this to happen, and later he received what God promised.
16People always use the name of someone greater than themselves to make a promise with an oath. The oath proves that what they say is true, and there is no more arguing about it. 17God wanted to prove that his promise was true. He wanted to prove this to those who would get what he promised. He wanted them to understand clearly that his purposes never change. So God said something would happen, and he proved what he said by adding an oath. 18These two things cannot change: God cannot lie when he says something, and he cannot lie when he makes an oath. So these two things are a great help to us who have come to God for safety. They encourage us to hold on to the hope that is ours. 19This hope is like an anchor for us. It is strong and sure and keeps us safe. It goes behind the curtain. 20Jesus has already entered there and opened the way for us. He has become the high priest forever, just like Melchizedek.
7Chapter

The Priest Melchizedek

1Melchizedek was the king of Salem and a priest for God the Most High. He met Abraham when Abraham was coming back after defeating the kings. That day Melchizedek blessed him. 2Then Abraham gave him a tenth of everything he had. The name Melchizedek, king of Salem, has two meanings. First, Melchizedek means “king of justice.” And “king of Salem” means “king of peace.” 3No one knows who his father or mother was or where he came from. And no one knows when he was born or when he died. Melchizedek is like the Son of God in that he will always be a priest.
4You can see that Melchizedek was very great. Abraham, our great ancestor, gave him a tenth of everything he won in battle. 5Now the law says that those from the tribe of Levi who become priests must get a tenth from their own people, even though they and their people are both from the family of Abraham. 6Melchizedek was not even from the tribe of Levi, but Abraham gave him a tenth of what he had. And Melchizedek blessed Abraham—the one who had God’s promises. 7And everyone knows that the more important person always blesses the less important person.
8Those priests get a tenth, but they are only men who live and then die. But Melchizedek, who got a tenth from Abraham, continues to live, as the Scriptures say. 9Now those from the family of Levi are the ones who get a tenth from the people. But we can say that when Abraham paid Melchizedek a tenth, then Levi also paid it. 10Levi was not yet born, but he already existed in his ancestor Abraham when Melchizedek met him.
11The people were given the law under the system of priests from the tribe of Levi. But no one could be made spiritually perfect through that system of priests. So there was a need for another priest to come. I mean a priest like Melchizedek, not Aaron. 12And when a different kind of priest comes, then the law must be changed too. 13-14We are talking about our Lord Christ, who belonged to a different tribe. No one from that tribe ever served as a priest at the altar. It is clear that Christ came from the tribe of Judah. And Moses said nothing about priests belonging to that tribe.

Jesus Is a Priest Like Melchizedek

15And these things become even clearer when we see that another priest has come who is like Melchizedek. 16He was made a priest, but not because he met the requirement of being born into the right family. He became a priest by the power of a life that will never end. 17This is what the Scriptures say about him: “You are a priest forever—the kind of priest Melchizedek was.”
18The old rule is now ended because it was weak and worthless. 19The Law of Moses could not make anything perfect. But now a better hope has been given to us. And with that hope we can come near to God.
20Also, it is important that God made a promise with an oath when he made Jesus high priest. When those other men became priests, there was no oath. 21“The Lord has made a promise with an oath and will not change his mind: ‘You are a priest forever.’”
22So this means that Jesus is the guarantee of a better agreement from God to his people.
23Also, when one of those other priests died, he could not continue being a priest. So there were many of those priests. 24But Jesus lives forever. He will never stop serving as a priest. 25So Christ can save those who come to God through him. Christ can do this forever, because he always lives and is ready to help people when they come before God.
26So Jesus is the kind of high priest we need. He is holy. He has no sin in him. He is pure and not influenced by sinners. And he is raised above the heavens. 27He is not like those other priests. They had to offer sacrifices every day, first for their own sins, and then for the sins of the people. But Jesus doesn’t need to do that. He offered only one sacrifice for all time. He offered himself. 28The law chooses high priests who are men and have the same weaknesses that all people have. But after the law, God spoke the oath that made his Son high priest. And that Son, made perfect through suffering, will serve forever.
8Chapter

Jesus Our High Priest

1Here is the point of what we are saying: We have a high priest like that, who sits on the right side of God’s throne in heaven. 2Our high priest serves in the Most Holy Place. He serves in the true place of worship that was made by God, not by anyone here on earth.
3Every high priest has the work of offering gifts and sacrifices to God. So our high priest must also offer something to God. 4If our high priest were now living on earth, he would not be a priest. I say this because there are already priests here who follow the law by offering gifts to God. 5The work that these priests do is really only a copy and a shadow of what is in heaven. That is why God warned Moses when he was ready to build the Holy Tent: “Be sure to make everything exactly like the pattern I showed you on the mountain.” 6But the work that has been given to Jesus is much greater than the work that was given to those priests. In the same way, the new agreement that Jesus brought from God to his people is much greater than the old one. And the new agreement is based on better promises.
7If there was nothing wrong with the first agreement, then there would be no need for a second agreement. 8“The time is coming, says the Lord, when I will give a new agreement to the people of Israel and to the people of Judah.
9It will not be like the agreement that I gave to their fathers. That is the agreement I gave when I took them by the hand and led them out of Egypt. They did not continue following the agreement I gave them, and I turned away from them, says the Lord.
10This is the new agreement I will give the people of Israel. I will give this agreement in the future, says the Lord: I will put my laws in their minds, and I will write my laws on their hearts. I will be their God, and they will be my people.
11Never again will anyone have to teach their neighbors or their family to know the Lord. All people—the greatest and the least important—will know me.
12And I will forgive the wrongs they have done, and I will not remember their sins.”
13God called this a new agreement, so he has made the first agreement old. And anything that is old and useless is ready to disappear.
9Chapter

Worship Under the Old Agreement

1The first agreement had rules for worship and a place for worship here on earth. 2This place was inside a tent. The first area in the tent was called the Holy Place. In the Holy Place were the lamp and the table with the special bread offered to God. 3Behind the second curtain was a room called the Most Holy Place. 4In the Most Holy Place was a golden altar for burning incense. And also there was the Box of the Agreement. The Box was covered with gold. Inside this Box was a golden jar of manna and Aaron’s rod—the rod that once grew leaves. Also in the Box were the flat stones with the Ten Commandments of the old agreement on them. 5Above the Box were the Cherub angels that showed God’s glory. These Cherub angels were over the place of mercy. But we cannot say everything about this now.
6Everything in the tent was made ready in the way I have explained. Then the priests went into the first room every day to do their worship duties. 7But only the high priest could go into the second room, and he went in only once a year. Also, he could never enter that room without taking blood with him. He offered that blood to God for himself and for the sins the people committed without knowing they were sinning.
8The Holy Spirit uses those two separate rooms to teach us that the way into the Most Holy Place was not open while the first room was still there. 9This is an example for us today. It shows that the gifts and sacrifices the priests offer to God are not able to make the consciences of the worshipers completely clear. 10These gifts and sacrifices are only about food and drink and special washings. They are only rules about the body. God gave them for his people to follow until the time of his new way.

Worship Under the New Agreement

11But Christ has already come to be the high priest. He is the high priest of the good things we now have. But Christ does not serve in a place like the tent that those other priests served in. He serves in a better place. Unlike that tent, this one is perfect. It was not made by anyone here on earth. It does not belong to this world. 12Christ entered the Most Holy Place only one time—enough for all time. He entered the Most Holy Place by using his own blood, not the blood of goats or young bulls. He entered there and made us free from sin forever.
13The blood of goats and bulls and the ashes of a cow were sprinkled on those who were no longer pure enough to enter the place of worship. The blood and ashes made them pure again—but only their bodies. 14So surely the blood sacrifice of Christ can do much more. Christ offered himself through the eternal Spirit as a perfect sacrifice to God. His blood will make us completely clean from the evil we have done. It will give us clear consciences so that we can worship the living God.
15So Christ brings a new agreement from God to his people. He brings this agreement so that those who are chosen by God can have the blessings God promised, blessings that last forever. This can happen only because Christ died to free people from sins committed against the commands of the first agreement.
16When someone dies and leaves a will, there must be proof that the one who wrote the will is dead. 17A will means nothing while the one who wrote it is still living. It can be used only after that person’s death. 18That is why blood was needed to begin the first agreement between God and his people. 19First, Moses told the people every command in the law. Then he took the blood of young bulls and mixed it with water. He used red wool and a branch of hyssop to sprinkle the blood and water on the book of the law and on all the people. 20Then he said, “This is the blood that makes the agreement good—the agreement that God commanded you to follow.” 21In the same way, Moses sprinkled the blood on the Holy Tent. He sprinkled the blood over everything used in worship. 22The law says that almost everything must be made clean by blood. Sins cannot be forgiven without a blood sacrifice.

Jesus Christ Is Our Sacrifice for Sin

23These things are copies of the real things that are in heaven. These copies had to be made clean by animal sacrifices. But the real things in heaven must have much better sacrifices. 24Christ went into the Most Holy Place. But it was not the man-made one, which is only a copy of the real one. He went into heaven, and he is there now before God to help us.
25The high priest enters the Most Holy Place once every year. He takes with him blood to offer. But he does not offer his own blood like Christ did. Christ went into heaven, but not to offer himself many times like the high priest offers blood again and again. 26If Christ had offered himself many times, he would have needed to suffer many times since the time the world was made. But he came to offer himself only once. And that once is enough for all time. He came at a time when the world is nearing an end. He came to take away all sin by offering himself as a sacrifice.
27Everyone must die once. Then they are judged. 28So Christ was offered as a sacrifice one time to take away the sins of many people. And he will come a second time, but not to offer himself for sin. He will come the second time to bring salvation to those who are waiting for him.
10Chapter

Jesus Christ—the Only Sacrifice We Need

1The law gave us only an unclear picture of the good things coming in the future. The law is not a perfect picture of the real things. The law tells people to offer the same sacrifices every year. Those who come to worship God continue to offer those sacrifices. But the law can never make them perfect. 2If the law could make people perfect, those sacrifices would have already stopped. They would already be clean from their sins, and they would not still feel guilty. 3But that’s not what happens. Their sacrifices make them remember their sins every year, 4because it is not possible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins.
5“You don’t want sacrifices and offerings, but you have prepared a body for me.
6You are not pleased with the sacrifices of animals killed and burned or with offerings to take away sins.
7Then I said, ‘Here I am, God. It is written about me in the book of the law. I have come to do what you want.’”
8Christ first said, “You don’t want sacrifices and offerings. You are not pleased with animals killed and burned or with sacrifices to take away sin.” (These are all sacrifices that the law commands.) 9Then he said, “Here I am, God. I have come to do what you want.” So God ends that first system of sacrifices and starts his new way. 10Jesus Christ did the things God wanted him to do. And because of that, we are made holy through the sacrifice of Christ’s body. Christ made that sacrifice one time—enough for all time.
11Every day the priests stand and do their religious service. Again and again they offer the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins. 12But Christ offered only one sacrifice for sins, and that sacrifice is good for all time. Then he sat down at the right side of God. 13And now Christ waits there for his enemies to be put under his power. 14With one sacrifice Christ made his people perfect forever. They are the ones who are being made holy.
15The Holy Spirit also tells us about this. First he says,
16“This is the agreement I will make with my people in the future, says the Lord. I will put my laws in their hearts. I will write my laws in their minds.”
17“I will forget their sins and never again remember the evil they have done.”
18And after everything is forgiven, there is no more need for a sacrifice to pay for sins.

Come Near to God

19And so, brothers and sisters, we are completely free to enter the Most Holy Place. We can do this without fear because of the blood sacrifice of Jesus. 20We enter through a new way that Jesus opened for us. It is a living way that leads through the curtain—Christ’s body. 21And we have a great priest who rules the house of God. 22Sprinkled with the blood of Christ, our hearts have been made free from a guilty conscience, and our bodies have been washed with pure water. So come near to God with a sincere heart, full of confidence because of our faith in Christ. 23We must hold on to the hope we have, never hesitating to tell people about it. We can trust God to do what he promised.

Help Each Other Be Strong

24We should think about each other to see how we can encourage each other to show love and do good works. 25We must not quit meeting together, as some are doing. No, we need to keep on encouraging each other. This becomes more and more important as you see the Day getting closer.

Don’t Turn Away From God’s Son

26If we decide to continue sinning after we have learned the truth, then there is no other sacrifice that will take away sins. 27If we continue sinning, all that is left for us is a fearful time of waiting for the judgment and the angry fire that will destroy those who live against God. 28Whoever refused to obey the Law of Moses was found guilty from the testimony given by two or three witnesses. Such people were not forgiven. They were killed. 29So think how much more punishment people deserve who show their hate for the Son of God—people who show they have no respect for the blood sacrifice that began the new agreement and once made them holy or who insult the Spirit of God’s grace. 30We know that God said, “I will punish people for the wrongs they do; I will repay them.” And he also said, “The Lord will judge his people.” 31It is a terrible thing to face punishment from the living God.

Keep the Courage and Patience You Had

32Remember the days when you first learned the truth. You had a hard struggle with much suffering, but you continued strong. 33Sometimes people said hateful things to you and mistreated you in public. And sometimes you helped others who were being treated that same way. 34Yes, you helped them in prison and shared in their suffering. And you were still happy when everything you owned was taken away from you. You continued to be happy, because you knew that you had something much better—something that would continue forever.
35So don’t lose the courage that you had in the past. Your courage will be rewarded richly. 36You must be patient. After you have done what God wants, you will get what he promised you. 37“Very soon now, the one who is coming will come and will not be late.
38The person who is right with me will live by trusting in me. But I will not be pleased with the one who turns back in fear.”
39But we are not those who turn back and are lost. No, we are the people who have faith and are saved.
11Chapter

Faith

1Faith is what makes real the things we hope for. It is proof of what we cannot see. 2God was pleased with the people who lived a long time ago because they had faith like this.
3Faith helps us understand that God created the whole world by his command. This means that the things we see were made by something that cannot be seen.
4Cain and Abel both offered sacrifices to God. But Abel offered a better sacrifice to God because he had faith. God said he was pleased with what Abel offered. And so God called him a good man because he had faith. Abel died, but through his faith he is still speaking.
5Enoch was carried away from this earth, so he never died. The Scriptures tell us that before he was carried off, he was a man who pleased God. Later, no one knew where he was, because God had taken Enoch to be with him. This all happened because he had faith. 6Without faith no one can please God. Whoever comes to God must believe that he is real and that he rewards those who sincerely try to find him.
7Noah was warned by God about things that he could not yet see. But he had faith and respect for God, so he built a large boat to save his family. With his faith, Noah showed that the world was wrong. And he became one of those who are made right with God through faith.
8God called Abraham to travel to another place that he promised to give him. Abraham did not know where that other place was. But he obeyed God and started traveling because he had faith. 9Abraham lived in the country that God promised to give him. He lived there like a visitor who did not belong. He did this because he had faith. He lived in tents with Isaac and Jacob, who also received the same promise from God. 10Abraham was waiting for the city that has real foundations. He was waiting for the city that is planned and built by God.
11Sarah was not able to have children, and Abraham was too old. But he had faith in God, trusting him to do what he promised. And so God made them able to have children. 12Abraham was so old he was almost dead. But from that one man came as many descendants as there are stars in the sky. So many people came from him that they are like grains of sand on the seashore.
13All these great people continued living with faith until they died. They did not get the things God promised his people. But they were happy just to see those promises coming far in the future. They accepted the fact that they were like visitors and strangers here on earth. 14When people accept something like that, they show they are waiting for a country that will be their own. 15If they were thinking about the country they had left, they could have gone back. 16But they were waiting for a better country—a heavenly country. So God is not ashamed to be called their God. And he has prepared a city for them.
17-18God tested Abraham’s faith. God told him to offer Isaac as a sacrifice. Abraham obeyed because he had faith. He already had the promises from God. And God had already said to him, “It is through Isaac that your descendants will come.” But Abraham was ready to offer his only son. He did this because he had faith. 19He believed that God could raise people from death. And really, when God stopped Abraham from killing Isaac, it was as if he got him back from death.
20Isaac blessed the future of Jacob and Esau. He did that because he had faith. 21And Jacob, also because he had faith, blessed each one of Joseph’s sons. He did this while he was dying, leaning on his rod and worshiping God.
22And when Joseph was almost dead, he spoke about the people of Israel leaving Egypt. And he told them what they should do with his body. He did this because he had faith.
23And the mother and father of Moses hid him for three months after he was born. They did this because they had faith. They saw that Moses was a beautiful baby. And they were not afraid to disobey the king’s order.
24-25Moses grew up and became a man. He refused to be called the son of Pharaoh’s daughter. He chose not to enjoy the pleasures of sin that last such a short time. Instead, he chose to suffer with God’s people. He did this because he had faith. 26He thought it was better to suffer for the Messiah than to have all the treasures of Egypt. He was waiting for the reward that God would give him.
27Moses left Egypt because he had faith. He was not afraid of the king’s anger. He continued strong as if he could see the God no one can see. 28Moses prepared the Passover and spread the blood on the doorways of the people of Israel, so that the angel of death would not kill their firstborn sons. Moses did this because he had faith.
29And God’s people all walked through the Red Sea as if it were dry land. They were able to do this because they had faith. But when the Egyptians tried to follow them, they were drowned.
30And the walls of Jericho fell because of the faith of God’s people. They marched around the walls for seven days, and then the walls fell.
31And Rahab, the prostitute, welcomed the Israelite spies like friends. And because of her faith, she was not killed with the ones who refused to obey.
32Do I need to give you more examples? I don’t have enough time to tell you about Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, David, Samuel, and the prophets. 33All of them had great faith. And with that faith they defeated kingdoms. They did what was right, and God helped them in the ways he promised. With their faith some people closed the mouths of lions. 34And some were able to stop blazing fires. Others escaped from being killed with swords. Some who were weak were made strong. They became powerful in battle and defeated other armies. 35There were women who lost loved ones but got them back when they were raised from death. Others were tortured but refused to accept their freedom. They did this so that they could be raised from death to a better life. 36Some were laughed at and beaten. Others were tied up and put in prison. 37They were killed with stones. They were cut in half. They were killed with swords. The only clothes some of them had were sheepskins or goatskins. They were poor, persecuted, and treated badly by others. 38The world was not good enough for these great people. They had to wander in deserts and mountains, living in caves and holes in the ground.
39God was pleased with all of them because of their faith. But not one of them received God’s great promise. 40God planned something better for us. He wanted to make us perfect. Of course, he wanted those great people to be made perfect too, but not before we could all enjoy that blessing together.
12Chapter

We Also Should Follow Jesus’ Example

1We have all these great people around us as examples. Their lives tell us what faith means. So we, too, should run the race that is before us and never quit. We should remove from our lives anything that would slow us down and the sin that so often makes us fall. 2We must never stop looking to Jesus. He is the leader of our faith, and he is the one who makes our faith complete. He suffered death on a cross. But he accepted the shame of the cross as if it were nothing because of the joy he could see waiting for him. And now he is sitting at the right side of God’s throne. 3Think about Jesus. He patiently endured the angry insults that sinful people were shouting at him. Think about him so that you won’t get discouraged and stop trying.

God Is Like a Father

4You are struggling against sin, but you have not had to give up your life for the cause. 5“My child, don’t think the Lord’s discipline is worth nothing, and don’t stop trying when he corrects you.
6The Lord disciplines everyone he loves; he punishes everyone he accepts as a child.”
7So accept sufferings like a father’s discipline. God does these things to you like a father correcting his children. You know that all children are disciplined by their fathers. 8So, if you never receive the discipline that every child must have, you are not true children and don’t really belong to God. 9We have all had fathers here on earth who corrected us with discipline. And we respected them. So it is even more important that we accept discipline from the Father of our spirits. If we do this, we will have life. 10Our fathers on earth disciplined us for a short time in the way they thought was best. But God disciplines us to help us so that we can be holy like him. 11We don’t enjoy discipline when we get it. It is painful. But later, after we have learned our lesson from it, we will enjoy the peace that comes from doing what is right.

Be Careful How You Live

12You have become weak, so make yourselves strong again. 13Live in the right way so that you will be saved and your weakness will not cause you to be lost.
14Try to live in peace with everyone. And try to keep your lives free from sin. Anyone whose life is not holy will never see the Lord. 15Be careful that no one fails to get God’s grace. Be careful that no one loses their faith and becomes like a bitter weed growing among you. Someone like that can ruin your whole group. 16Be careful that no one commits sexual sin. And be careful that no one is like Esau and never thinks about God. As the oldest son, Esau would have inherited everything from his father. But he sold all that for a single meal. 17You remember that after Esau did this, he wanted to get his father’s blessing. He wanted that blessing so much that he cried. But his father refused to give him the blessing, because Esau could find no way to change what he had done.
18You have not come to a place that can be seen and touched, like the mountain the people of Israel saw, which was burning with fire and covered with darkness, gloom, and storms. 19There is no sound of a trumpet or a voice speaking words like those they heard. When they heard the voice, they begged never to hear another word. 20They did not want to hear the command: “If anything, even an animal, touches the mountain, it must be killed with stones.” 21What they saw was so terrible that Moses said, “I am shaking with fear.”
22But you have come to Mount Zion, to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem. You have come to a place where thousands of angels have gathered to celebrate. 23You have come to the meeting of God’s firstborn children. Their names are written in heaven. You have come to God, the judge of all people. And you have come to the spirits of good people who have been made perfect. 24You have come to Jesus—the one who brought the new agreement from God to his people. You have come to the sprinkled blood that tells us about better things than the blood of Abel.
25Be careful and don’t refuse to listen when God speaks. Those people refused to listen to him when he warned them on earth. And they did not escape. Now God is speaking from heaven. So now it will be worse for those who refuse to listen to him. 26When he spoke before, his voice shook the earth. But now he has promised, “Once again I will shake the earth, but I will also shake heaven.” 27The words “once again” clearly show us that everything that was created will be destroyed—that is, the things that can be shaken. And only what cannot be shaken will remain.
28So we should be thankful because we have a kingdom that cannot be shaken. And because we are thankful, we should worship God in a way that will please him. We should do this with respect and fear, 29because our God is like a fire that can destroy us.
13Chapter

Worship That Pleases God

1Continue loving each other as brothers and sisters in Christ. 2Always remember to help people by welcoming them into your home. Some people have done that and have helped angels without knowing it. 3Don’t forget those who are in prison. Remember them as though you were in prison with them. And don’t forget those who are suffering. Remember them as though you were suffering with them.
4Marriage should be honored by everyone. And every marriage should be kept pure between husband and wife. God will judge guilty those who commit sexual sins and adultery. 5“I will never leave you; I will never run away from you.”
6“The Lord is my helper; I will not be afraid. People can do nothing to me.”
7Remember your leaders. They taught God’s message to you. Remember how they lived and died, and copy their faith. 8Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever. 9Don’t let all kinds of strange teachings lead you into the wrong way. Depend only on God’s grace for spiritual strength, not on rules about foods. Obeying those rules doesn’t help anyone.
10We have a sacrifice. And those priests who serve in the Holy Tent cannot eat from the sacrifice we have. 11The high priest carries the blood of animals into the Most Holy Place and offers that blood for sins. But the bodies of those animals are burned outside the camp. 12So Jesus also suffered outside the city. He died to make his people holy with his own blood. 13So we should go to Jesus outside the camp and accept the same shame that he had. 14Here on earth we don’t have a city that lasts forever. But we are waiting for the city that we will have in the future. 15So through Jesus we should never stop offering our sacrifice to God. That sacrifice is our praise, coming from lips that speak his name. 16And don’t forget to do good and to share what you have with others, because sacrifices like these are very pleasing to God.
17Obey your leaders. Be willing to do what they say. They are responsible for your spiritual welfare, so they are always watching to protect you. Obey them so that their work will give them joy, not grief. It won’t help you to make it hard for them.
18Continue praying for us. We feel right about what we do, because we always try to do what is best. 19And I beg you to pray that God will send me back to you soon. I want this more than anything else.
20-21I pray that the God of peace will give you every good thing you need so that you can do what he wants. God is the one who raised from death our Lord Jesus, the Great Shepherd of his sheep. He raised him because Jesus sacrificed his blood to begin the new agreement that never ends. I pray that God will work through Jesus Christ to do the things in us that please him. To him be glory forever. Amen.
22My brothers and sisters, I beg you to listen patiently to what I have said. I wrote this letter to strengthen you. And it is not very long. 23I want you to know that our brother Timothy is out of prison. If he comes to me soon, we will both come to see you.
24Give my greetings to all your leaders and to all God’s people. All those from Italy send you their greetings.
25God’s grace be with you all.
Study
Chapter 11
CSB

FAST FACTS: Faith

  • ▶︎“Christians just have faith,” is one popular criticism leveled against Christianity.
  • ▶︎Faith, however, is not unique to Christians. Everyone has faith, even atheists. The atheist has faith that there is no God.
  • ▶︎At issue is not whether or not a person has faith, but in what he is placing his faith and whether he has a valid and reasonable basis for doing so.
  • ▶︎Christianity isn’t based on a leap of faith or wishful thinking. Christian faith is rooted in history and founded on many valid reasons to believe.

God is invisible. He can’t be seen with eyes but with the heart.

—Augustine of Hippo

CSB

Some people object that this refers to blind faith. In this verse, however, the writer described faith as a conviction of certainty about what cannot be seen. This kind of faith motivated men and women in the past to live for God and to trust him to fulfill his promises.

ESV

By Faith. Faith consists of persistent hope in the promises of God, and it is such faith, as 10:39 indicates, that obtains salvation on the last day. Here faith is illustrated from OT examples.

ESV

assurance. Greek hypostasis, also translated “confidence” (3:14). hoped for. On hope, see 3:6; 6:11, 18; 7:19; 10:23. conviction of things not seen. By defining faith (Gk. pistis) as “assurance” and “conviction,” the author indicates that biblical faith is not a vague hope grounded in imaginary, wishful thinking. Instead, faith is a settled confidence that something in the future—something that is not yet seen but has been promised by God—will actually come to pass because God will bring it about. Thus biblical faith is not blind trust in the face of contrary evidence, not an unknowable “leap in the dark”; rather, biblical faith is a confident trust in the eternal God who is all-powerful, infinitely wise, eternally trustworthy—the God who has revealed himself in his word and in the person of Jesus Christ, whose promises have proven true from generation to generation, and who will “never leave nor forsake” his own (13:5). Such faith in the unseen realities of God is emphasized throughout ch. 11 (e.g., 11:7, 8; cf. v. 3) and has provided confidence and assurance to all who receive Christ as their Lord and Savior.

ESV

The people of old (Gk. presbyteroi, “elders”), especially those listed as examples of faith throughout the chapter, received commendation in the form of a good testimony from God. The author does not focus on their failings (e.g., Gen. 9:20–27; 12:10–20; 17:17–21; 18:11–15), since his goal is to positively illustrate what faith looks like and to connect the current people of God with this “cloud of witnesses” (Heb. 12:1).

ESV

God’s creation of the universe was accomplished by his word (Gk. rhēma). So that what is seen was not made out of things that are visible is consistent with the doctrine of creation ex nihilo (Latin, “from nothing”), but is not itself a full statement about this reality. It does, however, seem to correct Greco-Roman notions about eternally existing matter. The idea that God created the visible universe out of some other kind of invisible (“not … visible”) matter is not in the author’s mind; rather, he is saying that God did not make the universe out of any preexisting matter as humans know it, which is close to saying that he made it “out of nothing.” Further support for this idea is found in Gen. 1:1; Ps. 33:6, 9; 90:2; John 1:3; Acts 14:15; Rom. 4:17.

ESV

Abel’s sacrifice was acceptable to God (Gen. 4:4, 7) while Cain’s was not (cf. Matt. 23:35; 1 John 3:12). commended as righteous. The acceptance of the offering was evidence of God’s acceptance of the person (see Gen. 4:7). still speaks. The story of Abel’s faith, as recorded in the Bible, still speaks to generation after generation. This mention of Abel’s faith indicates that, from the very outset of human history, some OT figures were saved by means of faith (though Heb. 10:4 reminds readers that the faith of those OT saints was effective only because of the future sacrifice of Christ, which animal sacrifices foreshadowed).

CSB

Some see a discrepancy in this verse because Jn 3:13 teaches that no one has ever ascended into heaven. But this assertion neglects the fact that John’s Gospel has a different context than Heb 11:5. John was adamant that no one had ascended to heaven so as to return to explain heavenly things, namely, to reveal God the Father to humanity. But Jesus is able to do so because he came from the Father in heaven (see Jn 1:1,14,18). Heb 11:5, on the other hand, says that Enoch was taken out of this world without experiencing death (see Gn 5:21-24); his faith was pleasing to God.

ESV

Enoch was taken up. Genesis 5:21–24 indicates that Enoch did not die but that God “took” him. having pleased God. Genesis also states (twice) that Enoch “walked with God” (Gen. 5:22, 24), and this phrase is interpreted in the Septuagint as Enoch having “pleased God.”

ESV

to please him. The Septuagint of Genesis states that certain patriarchs “pleased God” (using Gk. euaresteō to translate the Hb. for “walked with God”): Enoch (Gen. 5:22, 24), Noah (Gen. 6:9), Abraham (Gen. 17:1; 24:40; 48:15), and Isaac (Gen. 48:15; cf. Joseph in Gen. 39:4). Each is discussed in Hebrews 11. Faith includes belief in God’s existence (possibly a reference to v. 3) and especially in God’s trustworthiness to keep his promise to reward his followers (see 10:35; 11:26; cf. 10:23 and note on 11:1). draw near. See note on 4:16.

ESV

Noah. Cf. Gen. 6:9–9:29. events as yet unseen. See Heb. 11:1. reverent fear. Cf. 5:7 and 12:28, where such an attitude is also commended. saving of his household. A visible example of God’s salvation. Condemned the world means that Noah’s righteous obedience to God showed, by contrast, how sinful the world was to reject Noah’s message (cf. 2 Pet. 2:5) and God’s moral standards. “World” in Hebrews generally signifies creation (Heb. 4:3; 9:26; 10:5), though here it especially pictures sinful humanity (see 11:38; cf. John 15:18–19; James 4:4; 1 John 2:15). heir of the righteousness that comes by faith. Noah is called “righteous” in Gen. 7:1, after his faithful response in building the ark (Gen. 6:22).

ESV

God called Abraham to leave Haran and go to Canaan (Gen. 12:1–4). obeyed. Faith leads to obedience to God’s promise and calling. inheritance. Also used of Christian salvation (Heb. 9:15). not knowing where he was going. See 11:1. land of promise. See Gen. 15:18–21. On God’s promises, see Heb. 6:12–15. foreign land. See 11:13–16.

ESV

Abraham is portrayed as yearning for the heavenly city (developed further in vv. 13–16; 12:22–24; 13:13–14).

ESV

Sarah. See Gen. 21:1–7. That Sarah laughed, apparently in unbelief (Gen. 18:9–15), is potentially problematic for her role as an example of faith; however: (1) the author is happy to speak of the true faith of Sarah despite her failings, and (2) Sarah apparently later had a change of heart, as her laughter became a genuine expression of joy at the birth of Isaac (Gen. 21:6), whose name means “laughter.” received power to conceive (lit., “power for the foundation of seed”). Although some translations give Abraham as the subject, it is best to take “Sarah” as the subject here (as the esv does), because (1) both Sarah’s name and “herself” (Gk. autē) are in the nominative case (indicating the subject of the sentence), and because (2) making Abraham the subject requires either an unusual grammatical understanding of the words for “Sarah herself” or an assumption that an early copyist made an error in transcribing those two words. considered him faithful. See Heb. 10:23. stars … sand. An allusion to Gen. 22:17.

CSB

Some ask how OT persons could be saved since they never exercised explicit faith in Christ. This verse provides the answer. Saints in the OT looked forward to the messianic hope and believed in God’s promises, which pointed to the future Messiah, Jesus.

ESV

died in faith. They were faithful even unto death. not having received. Abraham and Sarah especially exemplify this: called to a Promised Land and promised innumerable offspring, they merely embraced these promises while living nomadically in a land not wholly theirs, where they had just one son together. strangers and exiles on the earth. See especially Gen. 23:4; also Ex. 2:22; Lev. 25:23. This physical reality for the descendants of Abraham was applied spiritually in the Psalms; see Ps. 39:12; 119:19 (also 1 Chron. 29:15; cf. 1 Pet. 1:1; 2:11).

ESV

The author says that the people he has mentioned in vv. 1–13 were seeking a better (heavenly) country, which would be their true homeland. First, if Abraham (for example) were looking for an earthly “homeland” (Gk. patris refers to a place of one’s fathers), he could have returned to Haran; but he persisted in following God’s leading and focusing on his promise (v. 15). Second, the Psalms’ spiritual application of exile terminology to this whole mortal life indicates the expectation of a life to come (Ps. 39:12; 119:19; cf. Heb. 11:13–14). prepared for them a city. See v. 10; 12:22–24; 13:13–14.

CSB

Some wonder why Abraham’s son Ishmael is left out here This can be explained by the fact that Isaac was the promised son on whom the fulfillment of God’s pledge of numerous descendants to Abraham depended (Gn 15:1-6; 22:15-18). Thus, in this sense, Ishmael did not count. This conclusion is further borne out by Heb 11:18: “Your offspring will be called through Isaac” (see Gn 21:12).

ESV

Abraham, when he was tested (see Gen. 22:1–19). The Greek for “tested” (peirazō) appears also in Gen. 22:1 (lxx). The word occurs elsewhere in Hebrews, though with a focus on temptation to sin; see Heb. 2:18; 4:15 (cf. James 1:2–4, 12–15; 1 Pet. 1:6–7; 4:12–14). only son. Greek monogenēs; cf. Gen. 22:2, 12 (where it reads “your only son” in Hb., but “your beloved son” in the lxx). Although Abraham also had Ishmael (Gen. 16:4, 11–16) and other children (Gen. 25:1–2), this word designates Isaac as Abraham’s unique son, the son who is “one of a kind,” his only heir and the only recipient of covenant promises (Gen. 21:12; 22:15–18; 25:5). raise him from the dead. Abraham expressed confidence that he would return with Isaac (Gen. 22:5; cf. v. 8). Hebrews makes a figurative analogy between resurrection and Isaac being saved from the sacrificial knife. Some interpreters perceive here an Isaac-Christ typology such as was common in the post-apostolic church fathers: as Isaac, Abraham’s only son, was offered in sacrifice and “raised,” so Jesus, God’s only Son, is sacrificed and raised. Others doubt that such typology is intended here (see note on Gen. 22:16–17).

ESV

Isaac. See Gen. 27:1–45. These predictive future blessings (esp. Gen. 27:28–29, 39–40) demonstrate Isaac’s hope for the future.

ESV

Jacob. See Gen. 48:8–22. Similar to Isaac, Jacob’s future hope (predicated on God’s promises; see Gen. 48:3–6) is evident in his blessing of his sons (Gen. 49:1–27) and especially in his blessing of the sons of Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh, Gen. 48:8–22).

ESV

Joseph. Joseph’s future hope is his confidence that God will redeem his people through the exodus and lead them to the Promised Land, thus allowing Joseph’s own bones to be moved to that land (Gen. 50:24–25).

ESV

The parents of Moses preserved his life in hope. beautiful. Cf. Ex. 2:2; Acts 7:20.

ESV

Moses refused the sinful privileges of Egypt, including those of being the son of Pharaoh’s daughter (Ex. 2:10). Instead he identified with God’s people (Ex. 2:11–12) and thus sought God’s reward (Heb. 10:35; 11:6). fleeting pleasures of sin. Contrasted with eternal reward (cf. Ps. 16:11). reproach of Christ. As Christ (the true Israel, e.g., Matt. 2:15) truly suffered on behalf of the people of God, so too Moses, who similarly suffered on behalf of the people, is said to bear Christ’s reproach. Hence Moses serves as a model for Christians to endure such reproach (Heb. 10:33; 13:13).

CSB

Moses’s trust in Christ is but one example of how OT saints looked forward to the messianic hope and believed in the promises that pointed to Christ (v. 13). And, because of his belief in the coming Messiah, Moses experienced the same kind of rejection that Christ would undergo.

ESV

By faith he left Egypt could refer to the exodus (though it would then not be in chronological order with v. 28), which would explain the reference to Moses’ seeing him who is invisible (i.e., in the burning bush, Ex. 3:1–4:17). Or it could refer to Moses’ earlier escape from Pharaoh (Ex. 2:14–15).

ESV

By faith he kept the Passover. Moses celebrated Passover before seeing the deliverance it would bring (Ex. 12:1–32).

ESV

It took faith to walk through the Red Sea, with walls of water on each side (Ex. 14:10–31), relying only on God’s promise (Ex. 14:1–4, 15–18).

ESV

As at Jericho, faith repeatedly caused the Israelites to follow God’s commandment before seeing his promised victory (Josh. 6:1–21).

CSB

How was Rahab saved by faith, if Jms 2:25 says she was saved by works? The word for “save” can also mean to “vindicate” or “authenticate.” Thus, the contextual point in James is that Rahab’s faith was authenticated or shown genuine by her works. These verses address different aspects of salvation and do not contradict each other. See note on Jos 2:2-7 regarding Rahab’s actions.

ESV

Before the destruction of Jericho (v. 30; cf. Josh. 2:1–21; 6:17, 22–23), Rahab said, “I know that the LORD has given you the land. … for the LORD your God, he is God in the heavens above and on the earth beneath” (Josh. 2:9–11). As a Gentile and a sinner (prostitute), her faith was particularly remarkable.

CSB

Why would Scripture list people like Samson and Jephthah, who experienced major failures, as examples of faith? Just like believers today, they had some moments of resolute belief and other moments of doubt or disobedience. The chapter is not about how great these individuals were, but it is about how faithful God is—even when we are faithless. The author encourages us to persevere in trusting God.

ESV

This summary invokes great names and faithful deeds of OT saints (see esv cross-references for likely identifications).

ESV

time would fail me to tell. For OT references to the people listed in vv. 32–38, see chart. For a discussion of the reason why the author of Hebrews included Gideon, Barak, Samson, and Jephthah as examples of faith (even though their mistakes and sins are presented so clearly in the OT), see Introduction to Judges: Assessment of the Judges. The prophets refers to OT prophets who either wrote the OT Prophetic Books or appear in OT historical narratives (e.g., Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah, Jeremiah, etc., some of whom are clearly alluded to in Heb. 11:33–38).

ESV

through faith. The focus remains more on the faith of these OT people than on their deeds alone. Who … conquered kingdoms includes the conquests God accomplished through those specifically named in v. 32 (even the prophet Samuel; see 1 Sam. 7:3–14). enforced justice. Or “worked righteousness,” which was especially important in the roles of the judge (e.g., Samuel in 1 Sam. 7:15–17) and the king (see David in 2 Sam. 8:15; cf. Jer. 23:5–6). obtained promises. God fulfilled many promises to the leaders of Israel (e.g., Judg. 4:6–7, 14; 6:12–16; 7:7; 13:5), especially to David and his messianic heir (2 Sam. 7:11–14; Heb. 1:5). stopped the mouths of lions. Likely a reference to Daniel (Dan. 6:16–28), though Samson and David also combated lions (Judg. 14:5–6; 1 Sam. 17:34–37; cf. Ps. 22:21).

ESV

quenched the power of fire. In light of the reference to lions (v. 33; see Dan. 6:16–28), this likely refers to Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego (Dan. 2:49–3:30). The other descriptions in this verse apply to many OT leaders and prophets; e.g., for escaped the edge of the sword see 1 Kings 19:2; 2 Kings 6:31–33; Jer. 36:26; and contrast Heb. 11:37. made strong out of weakness. Perhaps serving thereby as an example to the audience, who have “weaknesses” (4:15).

ESV

Women received back their dead by resurrection. Elijah raised the son of the widow of Zarephath (1 Kings 17:17–24), and Elisha raised the son of a Shunammite woman (2 Kings 4:18–37). tortured. Probably in the form of beating (some commentators compare this to the intertestamental story of Eleazar in 2 Macc. 6:18–31). rise again to a better life. Literally, “obtain a better resurrection,” which means better than the OT “resurrections” just mentioned (which were really just resuscitations back to mortal life, and did not impart a perfect resurrection body).

ESV

mocking … imprisonment. Much like some of the readers of Hebrews (10:32–34; 13:3). This verse is especially reminiscent of the treatment of Jeremiah (see Jer. 20:2; 37:4, 15–21), though others were similarly abused (e.g., 2 Chron. 36:15–16; also 1 Kings 22:26–27; 2 Chron. 16:7–10).

ESV

stoned … sawn in two. These likely represent the traditional accounts of the deaths of Jeremiah and Isaiah in early Jewish and Christian extrabiblical literature, though other prophets were also stoned (2 Chron. 24:21; Matt. 23:37; cf. Luke 11:49–51; 13:33–34; see also Introduction to Isaiah: Author and Title). killed with the sword. While some through faith escape the sword (Heb. 11:34), others do not (e.g., 1 Kings 19:10, 14; Jer. 2:30; 26:20–23). skins of sheep and goats. The clothing of prophets, such as Elijah (2 Kings 1:8) and others (Zech. 13:4; Matt. 7:15).

ESV

world was not worthy. See v. 7. Their presence in the world was itself evidence of God’s grace, for their proclamation of the word of God to sinful people was a greater privilege than people deserved. dens and caves. Especially associated with prophets in hiding (1 Kings 18:4, 13; 19:9).

ESV

commended through their faith. Cf. vv. 2, 4–5. did not receive what was promised. Most of those mentioned in this chapter saw only preliminary glimpses of what was specifically promised (see v. 13), and all were anticipating a greater future hope (v. 16). In light of chs. 1–10, something better for us refers to the new covenant realities of the superior Son of God, with his superior priesthood, and the consequent eternal perfection of the faithful. made perfect. The perfection of believers is elsewhere the goal (10:14; 12:23; cf. 7:19; 9:9; 10:1), accomplished through the work of the perfect Son of God (2:10; 5:9; 7:28). apart from us. The saints of the OT, along with those of this era, will partake together of the same end-times perfection: sinless selves in deathless resurrection bodies.