Haggai

1Chapter

It Is Time to Build the Temple

1On the first day of the sixth month of the second year that Darius was king of Persia, Haggai received a message from the Lord. This message was for Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel and Joshua son of Jehozadak. Zerubbabel was the governor of Judah and Joshua was the high priest. This is the message: 2This is what the Lord All-Powerful said, “The people say it is not yet the right time to build the Lord’s Temple.”
3Again Haggai received a message from the Lord. Haggai spoke this message: 4“You people think the right time has come for you to live in nice houses. You live in houses with beautiful wooden paneling on the walls, but the Lord’s house is still in ruins. 5Now the Lord All-Powerful says, ‘Think about what is happening. 6You have planted many seeds, but you have gathered only a few crops. You have food to eat, but not enough to get full. You have something to drink, but not enough to get drunk. You have some clothes to wear, but not enough to keep warm. You earn a little money, but you don’t know where it all goes. It’s as though there is a hole in your pocket!’ ”
7The Lord All-Powerful said, “Think about what you are doing. 8Go up to the mountains, get the wood, and build the Temple. Then I will be pleased with the Temple, and I will be honored.” This is what the Lord said.
9The Lord All-Powerful said, “You people look for a big harvest, but when you go to gather the crop, there is only a little grain. So you bring that grain home, and then I send a wind that blows it all away. Why is this happening? Because my house is still in ruins while each of you runs home to take care of your own house. 10That is why the sky holds back its dew and why the earth holds back its crops.
11“I gave the command for the land and the mountains to be dry. The grain, the new wine, the olive oil, and everything the earth produces will be ruined. All the people and all the animals will become weak.”

Work Begins on the New Temple

12The Lord God had sent Haggai to speak to Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel and to the high priest, Joshua son of Jehozadak. So these men and all the people listened to the voice of the Lord their God and to the words of Haggai the prophet. And the people showed their fear and respect for the Lord their God.
13Then Haggai, the Lord’s messenger, delivered this message to the people: “The Lord says, ‘I am with you!’”
14Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel was the governor of Judah. Joshua son of Jehozadak was the high priest. The Lord made them and the rest of the people excited about working on the Temple of their God, the Lord All-Powerful. 15So they began this work on the 24th day of the sixth month in the second year Darius was the king.
2Chapter

The Lord Encourages the People

1On the 21st day of the seventh month, this message from the Lord came to Haggai: 2“Speak to Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, the governor of Judah, and to Joshua son of Jehozadak, the high priest, and to all the people. Say this: 3‘How many of you people look at this Temple and try to compare it to the beautiful Temple that was destroyed? What do you think? Does this Temple seem like nothing when you compare it with the first Temple? 4But the Lord says, “Zerubbabel, don’t be discouraged!” And the Lord says, “Joshua son of Jehozadak, you are the high priest. Don’t be discouraged! And all you people who live in the land, don’t be discouraged! Continue this work, because I am with you.” This is what the Lord All-Powerful said.
5“‘I made an agreement with you when you left Egypt, and I have kept my promise. My Spirit is with you, so don’t be afraid!’ 6This is what the Lord All-Powerful said, ‘In just a little while, I will once again shake things up. I will shake heaven and earth, and I will shake the sea and the dry land. 7I will shake up the nations, and they will come to you with wealth from every nation. And then I will fill this Temple with glory.’ That is what the Lord All-Powerful said! 8‘All their silver really belongs to me! And all the gold is mine!’ This is what the Lord All-Powerful said. 9And the Lord All-Powerful said, ‘This last Temple will be more beautiful than the first one, and I will bring peace to this place.’ Remember, this is what the Lord All-Powerful said.”

Today Begins a Time of Blessing

10On the 24th day of the ninth month in the second year Darius was king of Persia, this message from the Lord came to Haggai the prophet: 11“The Lord All-Powerful commands you to ask the priests what the law says about these things: 12‘Suppose a man carries some meat in the fold of his clothes. This meat is part of a sacrifice, so it is holy. If his clothes touch some bread, cooked food, wine, oil, or some other food, will the thing the clothes touch become holy?’” The priests answered, “No.”
13Then Haggai said, “Whoever touches a dead body will become unclean. Now if they touch anything else, will it also become unclean?” The priests answered, “Yes, it will become unclean.”
14Then Haggai said, “This is what the Lord God said: ‘This is also true for the people of this nation. They were not pure and holy before me. So anything they did with their hands and anything they offered at the altar became unclean.
15“‘Think about what has happened to you. Think about how things were before you began working on the Lord’s Temple. 16People wanted 20 measures of grain, but there were only 10 measures in the pile. People wanted to get 50 jars of wine from the wine vat, but there were only 20. 17That was because I punished you. I sent the diseases that killed your plants and the hail that destroyed the things you made with your hands. I did this, but still you did not come to me.’ This is what the Lord said.
18“The Lord said, ‘Today is the 24th day of the ninth month. You have finished laying the foundation of the Lord’s Temple. So notice what happens from this day forward: 19Your seed for planting is still in the barn. And look at the vines, the fig trees, and the pomegranate and olive trees. They have not yet produced any fruit. But beginning today, I will bless you.’”
20Another message from the Lord came to Haggai on the 24th day of the month. This is the message: 21“Go to Zerubbabel, the governor of Judah and tell him that I will shake heaven and earth. 22And I will overthrow many kings and kingdoms and destroy the power of the kingdoms of those other people. I will destroy their chariots and their riders. I will defeat their war horses and riders. These armies are friends now, but they will turn against each other and kill each other with swords.” 23This is what the Lord All-Powerful says: “Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, my servant, I have chosen you. I, the Lord, tell you that at that time I will use you like a signet ring to represent my authority!” This is what the Lord All-Powerful said.
Study
Chapter 1
CSB

To acknowledge the Lord as God has implications for ordinary decisions of life. It is to live before One who is all-knowing, all-powerful, and who has an agenda. He has a plan that impinges on the details of our lives. The people who had returned from Babylon through God’s grace and leadership soon tried to put him at the edge of their awareness. They had their own agenda, building comfortable homes for themselves while God’s house lay in ruins (v. 4). Through Haggai’s preaching, the people were moved to respond to the Lord’s command to build his house for his glory.

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Introduction: Reluctant Rebuilders. The opening establishes the characters and context of the book. The Lord, prophet, king, priest, and people figure prominently as the major problem is presented, namely, that the Lord’s house is in ruins and the people do nothing about it.

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Characters. second year … sixth month … first day. August 29, 520 B.C. As the first of the month, it is the day of a new moon festival, and thus of public worship (1 Chron. 23:31); it is also three weeks after the anniversary of the destruction of the first temple (2 Kings 25:8; Jer. 52:12). At this point most of the harvesting is finished, with only dates and summer figs left to be harvested. Darius. Persian king 522–486 B.C. by the hand of (cf. Hag. 1:3; 2:1). A phrase unique to Haggai among the writing prophets, though common in the books of Moses. Zerubbabel was a grandson of Jehoiachin, heir to the Davidic throne, and governor of Judah (see Ezra 3:2, 8; 4:2–3; 5:2). Joshua. High priest and son of Jehozadak, whose line is traced through Zadok to Aaron (1 Chron. 6:11–15; Zech. 3:1, 8; 6:11).

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Context. LORD of hosts. Highlights the Lord as the leader of heavenly or earthly armies. Approximately one-third of all biblical occurrences of the phrase are found in Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi (see chart); it emphasizes the Lord’s universal rule (see note on 1 Sam. 1:3). not yet come. The people claim that the time for temple restoration has not yet arrived: they want to postpone the work until sometime later.

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Consider Your Ways: Fruitless Prosperity. In the second word to Haggai, the Lord asks his hearers to consider whether their prosperity, such as it is, brings about the intended satisfaction, and he exhorts them to supply materials for “my house” (vv. 3–11). A general response follows (v. 12).

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Work without Satisfaction. On the date of this oracle the people can reflect on the disappointing harvest season (cf. vv. 10–11). They struggle mightily for personal gain at the neglect of the Lord’s house. God evaporates their gain in order to teach them that the building of his house will bring him glory and must be their priority.

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paneled … ruins. The inattentive people focus on comfortable personal dwellings (v. 9) while the Lord remains “homeless” (2 Sam. 7:2; 1 Kings 6:9; Jer. 22:13–15).

CSB

For the prophets before the Babylonian exile, the major issues were the people’s tendency to worship false gods and the social injustice that created severe inequalities between rich and poor. For prophets whose message was focused on the postexilic Judean community, the issue was different. The great need was the restoration of the institutions of Israelite worship centering in the sanctuary. Ezekiel drew up a blueprint for the restored temple and its ceremonies (Ezk 40–47); Malachi called for the purification of the priesthood (Mal 3:1-4) and faithfulness in the tithe (Mal 3:8-10). Zechariah, likewise, was concerned with the honor of the priesthood (Zch 3:1-5). Haggai also turned to this emphasis on worship. It was because the people had neglected their responsibilities, including the rebuilding of the Lord’s house, that their efforts to prosper came to nothing. His message was a precursor to Jesus’s teaching, “you will be measured by the same measure you use” (Mt 7:2). One cannot open the hand to receive while clutching what he already has.

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Consider your ways. Ponder your actions and the resulting experiences.

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sown much … harvested little. This describes the hard work the people have done, and the frustrating yield. God has not blessed their crops because of their preference for personal comfort over the rebuilding of the temple (v. 4). eat … drink … clothe … earns wages. Their efforts to care for themselves and their families lead only to frustration, so the Lord wants them to “consider their ways” (v. 5).

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Go up … bring … build. The people are commanded to bring wood to build a proper house. As the Lord takes pleasure in acceptable sacrifice (Ps. 51:19), the sacrifice of temple-building will result in his pleasure and glory.

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The word “house” is used three times with three different meanings: home (a place to store goods); my house (the Lord’s temple); his own house (one’s personal dwelling). busies himself with (lit., “is running for”). As compared with the implicit critique of v. 4, the misplaced priorities of the people are now made explicit.

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Therefore. There is a causal link between the ruin (Hb. khareb) of the Lord’s house (vv. 4, 9) and the drought (Hb. khoreb).

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General Response: Obedience and Fear. To the admonition of vv. 3–11, people render a general response of hearing and alarm. The remnant (v. 14; 2:2) is the same as the people addressed in 1:2; 2:4, 14. feared the LORD. See note on Acts 9:31.

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a Promise and Progress. The obedience and fear characterizing the general response of v. 12 provokes the third statement from the prophet. The promise of the Lord’s presence (v. 13) engenders the actual response of “work” in vv. 14–15a.

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messenger (Hb. mal’ak) … message (Hb. mal’akut) … worked (Hb. mela’kah). This play on words makes a direct connection between the speaker (Haggai), the content of what was spoken (statement of assurance), and the desired effect upon the people (lit., “and they performed work”).

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God’s Promise. I am with you (cf. 2:4). This is the great promise of covenantal assurance (cf. Num. 14:9; Josh. 14:12; Judg. 1:19; Isa. 43:5; cf. Matt. 28:20). The task before them will be undertaken with the promise of God’s aid.

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a Specific Response: Work Begins. In this fine example of divine prompting and human response, the Spirit of the Lord moves in the people and the people take action.

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the LORD stirred up the spirit. God awakens in the people an intense desire to work on repairing his house. Progress on the house arises only by means of the enabling power of the sovereign God (Ex. 35:21, 26, 30–35). their God. The companion statement of covenantal assurance (e.g., Jer. 24:7; 31:33; Ezek. 11:20; 37:27).

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a twenty-fourth day … sixth month. September 21, 520 B.C.

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b–2:9 The Former and Latter Glory of This House. Haggai bolsters flagging spirits in this fourth message. Comparing the past glory of the temple with the present ruins brought inevitable discouragement (2:1–3). The people are called to act based on the past (2:4–5). As God moved Israel to build the tabernacle, so he will now move among the nations to provide for the restoration of his house (2:6–9).

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b–2:3 Comparing Past and Present. The Lord challenges those who remember to compare the past glory of the temple with its present status.

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b–2:1 second year … seventh month … twenty-first day. October 17, 520 B.C. (cf. 1:1), and the next-to-last day of the Feast of Tabernacles (1 Kings 8:2). It is likely that the people celebrated with limited resources (Hag. 1:10–11).