1 Peter

1Chapter
1Greetings from Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ. To God’s chosen people who are away from their homes—people scattered all over the areas of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia. 2God planned long ago to choose you and to make you his holy people, which is the Spirit’s work. God wanted you to obey him and to be made clean by the blood sacrifice of Jesus Christ. I pray that you will enjoy more and more of God’s grace and peace.

A Living Hope

3Praise be to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. God has great mercy, and because of his mercy he gave us a new life. This new life brings us a living hope through Jesus Christ’s resurrection from death. 4Now we wait to receive the blessings God has for his children. These blessings are kept for you in heaven. They cannot be ruined or be destroyed or lose their beauty.
5God’s power protects you through your faith, and it keeps you safe until your salvation comes. That salvation is ready to be given to you at the end of time. 6I know the thought of that is exciting, even if you must suffer through different kinds of troubles for a short time now. 7These troubles test your faith and prove that it is pure. And such faith is worth more than gold. Gold can be proved to be pure by fire, but gold will ruin. When your faith is proven to be pure, the result will be praise and glory and honor when Jesus Christ comes.
8You have not seen Christ, but still you love him. You can’t see him now, but you believe in him. You are filled with a wonderful and heavenly joy that cannot be explained. 9Your faith has a goal, and you are reaching that goal—your salvation.
10The prophets studied carefully and tried to learn about this salvation. They spoke about the grace that was coming to you. 11The Spirit of Christ was in those prophets. And the Spirit was telling about the sufferings that would happen to Christ and about the glory that would come after those sufferings. The prophets tried to learn about what the Spirit was showing them—when it would happen and what the world would be like at that time.
12It was made clear to them that their service was not for themselves. They were serving you when they told about the things you have now heard. You heard them from those who told you the Good News with the help of the Holy Spirit sent from heaven. Even the angels would like very much to know more about these things you were told.

A Call to Holy Living

13So prepare your minds for service. With complete self-control put all your hope in the grace that will be yours when Jesus Christ comes. 14In the past you did not have the understanding you have now, so you did the evil things you wanted to do. But now you are children of God, so you should obey him and not live the way you did before. 15Be holy in everything you do, just as God is holy. He is the one who chose you. 16In the Scriptures God says, “Be holy, because I am holy.”
17You pray to God and call him Father, but he will judge everyone the same way—by what they do. So while you are visiting here on earth, you should live with respect for God. 18You know that in the past the way you were living was useless. It was a way of life you learned from those who lived before you. But you were saved from that way of living. You were bought, but not with things that ruin like gold or silver. 19You were bought with the precious blood of Christ’s death. He was a pure and perfect sacrificial Lamb. 20Christ was chosen before the world was made, but he was shown to the world in these last times for you. 21You believe in God through Christ. God is the one who raised him from death and gave honor to him. So your faith and your hope are in God.
22You have made yourselves pure by obeying the truth. Now you can have true love for your brothers and sisters. So love each other deeply—with all your heart. 23You have been born again. This new life did not come from something that dies. It came from something that cannot die. You were born again through God’s life-giving message that lasts forever. 24“Our lives are like the grass of spring, and any glory we enjoy is like the beauty of a wildflower. The grass dries up and dies, and the flower falls to the ground.
25But the word of the Lord lasts forever.” And that word is the Good News that was told to you.
2Chapter

The Living Stone and the Holy Nation

1So then, stop doing anything to hurt others. Don’t lie anymore, and stop trying to fool people. Don’t be jealous or say bad things about others. 2Like newborn babies hungry for milk, you should want the pure teaching that feeds your spirit. With it you can grow up and be saved. 3You have already tasted the goodness of the Lord.
4The Lord Jesus is the living stone. The people of the world decided that they did not want this stone. But he is the one God chose as one of great value. So come to him. 5You also are like living stones, and God is using you to build a spiritual house. You are to serve God in this house as holy priests, offering him spiritual sacrifices that he will accept because of Jesus Christ. 6“Look, I have chosen a cornerstone of great value, and I put that stone in Zion. Anyone who trusts in him will never be disappointed.”
7“the stone that the builders refused to accept, which became the most important stone.”
8“a stone that makes people stumble, a rock that makes people fall.” People stumble because they don’t obey what God says. This is what God planned to happen to those people.
9But you are his chosen people, the King’s priests. You are a holy nation, people who belong to God. He chose you to tell about the wonderful things he has done. He brought you out of the darkness of sin into his wonderful light.
10In the past you were not a special people, but now you are God’s people. Once you had not received mercy, but now God has given you his mercy.

Live for God

11Dear friends, you are like visitors and strangers in this world. So I beg you to keep your lives free from the evil things you want to do, those desires that fight against your true selves. 12People who don’t believe are living all around you. They may say that you are doing wrong. So live such good lives that they will see the good you do, and they will give glory to God on the day he comes.

Obey Every Human Authority

13Be willing to serve the people who have authority in this world. Do this for the Lord. Obey the king, the highest authority. 14And obey the leaders who are sent by the king. They are sent to punish those who do wrong and to praise those who do good. 15When you do good, you stop ignorant people from saying foolish things about you. This is what God wants. 16Live like free people, but don’t use your freedom as an excuse to do evil. Live as those who are serving God. 17Show respect for all people. Love your brothers and sisters in God’s family. Respect God, and honor the king.

The Example of Christ’s Suffering

18Slaves, be willing to serve your masters. Do this with all respect. You should obey the masters who are good and kind, and you should obey the masters who are bad. 19One of you might have to suffer even when you have done nothing wrong. If you think of God and bear the pain, this pleases God. 20But if you are punished for doing wrong, there is no reason to praise you for bearing that punishment. But if you suffer for doing good and you are patient, this pleases God. 21This is what you were chosen to do. Christ gave you an example to follow. He suffered for you. So you should do the same as he did:
22“He never sinned, and he never told a lie.”
23People insulted him, but he did not insult them back. He suffered, but he did not threaten anyone. No, he let God take care of him. God is the one who judges rightly. 24Christ carried our sins in his body on the cross. He did this so that we would stop living for sin and live for what is right. By his wounds you were healed. 25You were like sheep that went the wrong way. But now you have come back to the Shepherd and Protector of your lives.
3Chapter

Wives and Husbands

1In the same way, you wives should be willing to serve your husbands. Then, even those who have refused to accept God’s teaching will be persuaded to believe because of the way you live. You will not need to say anything. 2Your husbands will see the pure lives that you live with respect for God. 3It is not fancy hair, gold jewelry, or fine clothes that should make you beautiful. 4No, your beauty should come from inside you—the beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit. That beauty will never disappear. It is worth very much to God.
5It was the same with the holy women who lived long ago and followed God. They made themselves beautiful in that same way. They were willing to serve their husbands. 6I am talking about women like Sarah. She obeyed Abraham, her husband, and called him her master. And you women are true children of Sarah if you always do what is right and are not afraid.
7In the same way, you husbands should live with your wives in an understanding way, since they are weaker than you. You should show them respect, because God gives them the same blessing he gives you—the grace of true life. Do this so that nothing will stop your prayers from being heard.

Suffering for Doing Right

8So all of you should live together in peace. Try to understand each other. Love each other like brothers and sisters. Be kind and humble. 9Don’t do wrong to anyone to pay them back for doing wrong to you. Or don’t insult anyone to pay them back for insulting you. But ask God to bless them. Do this because you yourselves were chosen to receive a blessing. 10“If you want to enjoy true life and have only good days, then avoid saying anything hurtful, and never let a lie come out of your mouth.
11Stop doing what is wrong, and do good. Look for peace, and do all you can to help people live peacefully.
12The Lord watches over those who do what is right, and he listens to their prayers. But he is against those who do evil.”
13If you are always trying to do good, no one can really harm you. 14But you may suffer for doing right. If that happens, you have God’s blessing. “Don’t be afraid of the people who make you suffer; don’t be worried.” 15But keep the Lord Christ holy in your hearts. Always be ready to answer everyone who asks you to explain about the hope you have. 16But answer them in a gentle way with respect. Keep your conscience clear. Then people will see the good way you live as followers of Christ, and those who say bad things about you will be ashamed of what they said.
17It is better to suffer for doing good than for doing wrong. Yes, it is better if that is what God wants.
18Christ himself suffered when he died for you, and with that one death he paid for your sins. He was not guilty, but he died for people who are guilty. He did this to bring all of you to God. In his physical form he was killed, but he was made alive by the Spirit.
19And by the Spirit he went and preached to the spirits in prison. 20Those were the spirits who refused to obey God long ago in the time of Noah. God was waiting patiently for people while Noah was building the big boat. And only a few—eight in all—were saved in the boat through the floodwater. 21And that water is like baptism, which now saves you. Baptism is not the washing of dirt from the body. It is asking God for a clean conscience. It saves you because Jesus Christ was raised from death. 22Now he has gone into heaven. He is at God’s right side and rules over angels, authorities, and powers.
4Chapter

Changed Lives

1Christ suffered while he was in his body. So you should strengthen yourselves with the same kind of thinking Christ had. The one who accepts suffering in this life has clearly decided to stop sinning. 2Strengthen yourselves so that you will live your lives here on earth doing what God wants, not the evil things that people want to do. 3In the past you wasted too much time doing what those who don’t know God like to do. You were living immoral lives, doing the evil things you wanted to do. You were always getting drunk, having wild drinking parties, and doing shameful things in your worship of idols.
4Now those “friends” think it is strange that you no longer join them in all the wild and wasteful things they do. And so they say bad things about you. 5But they will have to face God to explain what they have done. He is the one who will soon judge everyone—those who are still living and those who have died. 6Some were told the Good News before they died. They were criticized by others in their life here on earth. But it was God’s plan that they hear the Good News so that they could have a new life through the Spirit.

Be Good Managers of God’s Gifts

7The time is near when all things will end. So keep your minds clear, and control yourselves. This will help you in your prayers. 8Most important of all, love each other deeply, because love makes you willing to forgive many sins. 9Open your homes to each other and share your food without complaining. 10God has shown you his grace in many different ways. So be good servants and use whatever gift he has given you in a way that will best serve each other. 11If your gift is speaking, your words should be like words from God. If your gift is serving, you should serve with the strength that God gives. Then it is God who will be praised in everything through Jesus Christ. Power and glory belong to him forever and ever. Amen.

Suffering as a Follower of Christ

12My friends, don’t be surprised at the painful things that you are now suffering, which are testing your faith. Don’t think that something strange is happening to you. 13But you should be happy that you are sharing in Christ’s sufferings. You will be happy and full of joy when Christ shows his glory. 14When people say bad things to you because you follow Christ, consider it a blessing. When that happens, it shows that God’s Spirit, the Spirit of glory, is with you. 15You may suffer, but don’t let it be because you murder, steal, make trouble, or try to control other people’s lives. 16But if you suffer because you are a “Christ-follower,” don’t be ashamed. You should praise God for that name. 17It is time for judging to begin. That judging will begin with God’s family. If it begins with us, then what will happen to those who don’t accept the Good News of God?
18“If it is hard for even a good person to be saved, what will happen to the one who is against God and full of sin?”
19So if God wants you to suffer, you should trust your lives to him. He is the one who made you, and you can trust him. So continue to do good.
5Chapter

The Flock of God

1Now I have something to say to the elders in your group. I am also an elder. I myself have seen Christ’s sufferings. And I will share in the glory that will be shown to us. I beg you to 2take care of the group of people you are responsible for. They are God’s flock. Watch over that flock because you want to, not because you are forced to do it. That is how God wants it. Do it because you are happy to serve, not because you want money. 3Don’t be like a ruler over those you are responsible for. But be good examples to them. 4Then when Christ the Ruling Shepherd comes, you will get a crown—one that will be glorious and never lose its beauty.
5“God is against the proud, but he is kind to the humble.”
6So be humble under God’s powerful hand. Then he will lift you up when the right time comes. 7Give all your worries to him, because he cares for you.
8Control yourselves and be careful! The devil is your enemy, and he goes around like a roaring lion looking for someone to attack and eat. 9Refuse to follow the devil. Stand strong in your faith. You know that your brothers and sisters all over the world are having the same sufferings that you have.
10Yes, you will suffer for a short time. But after that, God will make everything right. He will make you strong. He will support you and keep you from falling. He is the God who gives all grace. He chose you to share in his glory in Christ. That glory will continue forever. 11All power is his forever. Amen.

Final Greetings

12Silas will bring this letter to you. I know that he is a faithful brother in Christ. I wrote this short letter to encourage you. I wanted to tell you that this is the true grace of God. Stand strong in that grace.
13The church in Babylon sends you greetings. They were chosen just as you were. Mark, my son in Christ, also sends his greetings. 14Give each other a special greeting of love when you meet. Peace to all of you who are in Christ.
Study
Chapter 1
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Called to Salvation as Exiles. Those who have trusted in Christ are to praise God for his promised salvation and live out that salvation in their daily lives.

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Living as the New People of God. Since Christians have been given new life by the Word of God, they are to love one another fervently (1:22–25). They are to long for God’s Word so that they will continue to grow in faith (2:1–3). They are like living stones which together build up a spiritual house, with Jesus as the cornerstone (2:4–8). Believers are chosen by God to be his people (2:9–10).

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Opening. Peter identifies himself as the author. The geographical location of the recipients is indicated (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background), and they are greeted with “grace” and “peace.” The introduction is theologically weighty, for the readers are identified as “elect exiles” and the salvation accomplished is attributed to the work of the Father, Spirit, and Son.

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Peter designates himself as an apostle, an authoritative messenger of Jesus Christ (see note on Rom. 1:1). The people receiving his letter are elect exiles of the dispersion. Peter is not speaking of a literal exile (cf. 1 Pet. 1:17; 2:11). Believers long for their true home in the new world that is coming and for their end-time inheritance, for they do not conform to the values and worldviews of this present evil age. Believers are not only exiles but God’s “elect exiles.” They are his chosen people, just as Israel is designated as God’s chosen people in the OT (Deut. 4:37; 7:6–8; Ps. 106:5; Isa. 43:20; 45:4). Since the recipients of his letter were primarily Gentiles, Peter explicitly teaches that the church of Jesus Christ is the new Israel—God’s new chosen people. “Dispersion” (Gk. diaspora) points to the same truth. It is typically used to describe the scattering of the Jews throughout the world (Deut. 28:25; 30:4; Neh. 1:9; Ps. 147:2; Isa. 49:6; Jer. 15:7; 41:17; cf. also John 7:35; James 1:1; note on Acts 2:9–11), but Peter sees a parallel in the church being dispersed throughout the world. (Another view is that these verses show that the church is like Israel but that the ultimate fulfillment of these OT prophecies pertains mainly to future ethnic Israel rather than to the church; this also applies to the notes on 1 Pet. 1:22–2:10; 2:9; 2:10.)

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Peter celebrates the work of the triune God in saving his people; the descriptive phrases in v. 2 modify “elect exiles” in v. 1 (the Gk. has no verb in v. 1; the esv supplies “are” to make the sense more clear). They are God’s people because of his foreknowledge. This does not merely refer to God’s foreknowing that they would belong to him but also means that he set his covenantal affection upon them in advance, foreordaining that they would belong to him (cf. Rom. 8:29). In the sanctification of the Spirit may refer here either to conversion or to gradual progress in the Christian life, or possibly to both. The Spirit sets apart God’s people into the sphere of the holy, so that believers are now holy and righteous in their standing before God, and they grow in actual holiness in their lives. For obedience to Jesus Christ may also refer either to conversion, when Christians confessed Jesus as Lord (Rom. 10:9; cf. 1 Pet. 1:22), or to God’s purpose for their lives, that they obey Christ. For sprinkling with his blood refers to Christ’s atoning work on the cross, where all the believers’ sins were washed away, just as the old covenant was inaugurated with the shedding of blood (cf. Ex. 24:3–8). Peter sees believers “sprinkled” with the blood of Christ, referring either to their initial entrance into a covenant with God (similar to Ex. 24:3–8) or to their subsequent cleansings by the blood of Christ (i.e., growth in holiness) or possibly to both (similar to Lev. 14:6–7; cf. Ps. 51:7; 1 John 1:7).

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Karl Marx complained that religion was the opiate of the people. Did Peter support the comfortable life of oppressors by pacifying the suffering with the idea of a heavenly inheritance in the next world?

In answering this question, we must recall that Peter himself suffered as a Christian; the tradition that he died for the faith is likely accurate. What we find in 1 Peter, therefore, are not the words of someone with power telling those who are suffering to endure injustice because heaven awaits. We hear the words of someone who suffered along with those he taught. The early Christians did not have political power; they were at the mercy of governing authorities if the latter turned against them.

What Peter wrote provides no justification for injustice. We distort Peter’s words if we say to those suffering under our authority, “Don’t worry about suffering. You will be rewarded in heaven.” On the other hand, Marx’s objection assumes that the heavenly hope is not real. Millions of Christians throughout history have suffered and have had no prospect of worldly happiness. Peter’s words provide genuine comfort to all believers who face oppression, for they remind us that unspeakable joy awaits those who belong to Jesus.

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Praise for Salvation. Peter begins the body of the letter by blessing God because he has given believers new life and guaranteed their future glory (vv. 3–5). Believers rejoice in their sufferings because they are designed for their purity (vv. 6–9). Christians are wonderfully blessed, for they know the fulfillment of OT prophecies, all of which point to Christ (vv. 10–12).

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Salvation is due to God’s mercy, grace, and sovereignty, for he miraculously gave sinners new life (caused us to be born again, cf. v. 23). Peter may be connecting “born again” to through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, meaning that the new birth was made possible because God thought of those who believe in Christ as being united to him in his resurrection (cf. Rom. 6:4; Eph. 1:19–20; 2:5–6; Col. 3:1). Or he may be linking the resurrection to the living hope of believers, since that hope immediately follows the resurrection. In the latter case, the hope of Christians is their future resurrection. Believers have an unshakable hope for the future, for Christ’s resurrection is a pledge of their own future resurrection.

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The “hope” of v. 3 is now described as an inheritance, which in the OT typically describes the Promised Land and Israel’s place in it (Num. 32:19; Deut. 2:12; 12:9; 25:19; 26:1; Josh. 11:23; Ps. 105:11). But the OT inheritance points ahead to an even greater inheritance, reserved in heaven for the people of the new covenant. imperishable. Nothing can tarnish or extinguish that secure inheritance.

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Salvation in this context is a further description of the inheritance of v. 4 and the hope of v. 3. Peter lifts his readers’ minds to what will be revealed in the last time. They will certainly receive this future salvation, for God will protect them through his power by sustaining their faith to the end.

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Peter realizes that joy is mingled with grief as Christians in Asia Minor suffer various trials. Little while denotes the whole of their earthly life before they inherit future salvation. if necessary. These sufferings are God’s will for his people, so that their faith might be purified and shown to be genuine. Such faith has a great reward, for at the revelation (that is, the return) of Jesus Christ, honor and praise will belong both to Christians and to Christ.

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Joy is not reserved only for the future when Jesus will be clearly seen at his revelation (v. 7). Even now, his followers love him, believe in him, and rejoice with an inexpressible joy. The end result is eternal salvation—the completion of God’s saving work.

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Even though the OT prophets did not see clearly when their prophecies would be realized, they did foretell that Christ would suffer and then be glorified. See Overview of the Bible. The Spirit of Christ is the Holy Spirit, who was speaking through the prophets.

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Christians have received astounding blessings, for the OT prophets were serving not themselves but you, that is, NT believers, and angels long to understand fully what has been accomplished. Christians have heard this good news in the gospel proclaimed to them.

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The Future Inheritance as an Incentive to Holiness. The inheritance promised to followers of Christ should motivate them to set their hope entirely on their future reward (vv. 13–16) and to live in fear of the God who redeemed them at the cost of his own Son (vv. 17–21).

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set your hope fully. The fullness of grace and its complete work will come only when Jesus returns, and believers are to long for that day. They do so by thinking rightly about reality and by living sober-minded and sensible lives in this present evil age.

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While living on this earth, Christians have to fight the desires of sin, so they are called to be obedient children, separated from evil in all that they do. They are to be holy (cf. Lev. 18:2–4), for that accords with the character of God who is holy and has called believers to himself.

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Father who judges impartially may refer only to the final judgment, when believers will be judged according to their deeds (cf. Rom. 2:6, 16; 2 Cor. 5:10). More likely, Peter has in mind both this present life and the last day as well. God is not only the Father of his people but also their judge. Fear is not a paralyzing terror but a fear of God’s discipline and fatherly displeasure; it is a reverence and awe that should characterize the lives of believers during their exile (cf. 1 Pet. 1:1) on this earth.

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The reason for the call to fear (v. 17) is given in vv. 18–19. Believers were ransomed by Christ’s precious blood. “Ransom” recalls Israel’s deliverance from Egypt (Deut. 7:8; 9:26; 15:15; 24:18), which in turn points to the greater deliverance accomplished by Jesus Christ. Believers are delivered from a life of futility and meaninglessness to one of great significance. you were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your forefathers. Christ’s sacrifice breaks the inevitability and power of “generational sin,” the idea that the sins of parents and grandparents are often repeated in later generations (cf. Ex. 20:5–6). Christ’s sacrifice is compared to a lamb without blemish or spot. The references to “lamb” and “blood” point to the OT sacrifices and especially to Christ as the Passover Lamb (Exodus 12) and the servant of the Lord (cf. “lamb,” Isa. 53:7). As the perfect sacrifice, Christ atoned for the sins of the unrighteous (cf. John 1:29; 1 Pet. 3:18).

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Christians should live in holy fear (v. 17) because they are deeply loved and should not despise that love. God planned (Christ was foreknown, cf. v. 2) from eternity past when he would send Christ, and he chose to reveal him at the time in history when these believers lived (for the sake of you) so that they would enjoy the inexpressible privilege of living in the days of fulfillment (cf. vv. 10–12). They should be full of hope (hope functions as an inclusio—a literary envelope—beginning and ending this section; vv. 13, 21), for Christ’s being raised reminds them of their future reward.

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Peter’s call for his readers to love one another is grounded in their conversion, which occurred when they were obedient to the truth (i.e., the gospel) and therefore were purified and cleansed (see note on v. 2 for “obedience” and “sprinkling”).

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Believers were born anew through the living and abiding word of God, meaning the whole of written Scripture (cf. v. 25) but especially the saving message of the gospel. The exhortation to love (v. 22) flows from their new life as members of God’s family.

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Peter cites Isa. 40:6, 8 to contrast the weakness of human flesh with the power of the word of the Lord that has granted new life to believers.