Zephaniah

1Chapter
1The word of the Lord that came to Zephaniah son of Cushi, son of Gedaliah, son of Amariah, son of Hezekiah, in the days of Josiah son of Amon, king of Judah.

The Great Day of the Lord

2I will completely sweep away everything from the face of the earth — this is the Lord’s declaration. 3I will sweep away people and animals; I will sweep away the birds of the sky and the fish of the sea, and the ruins along with the wicked. I will cut off mankind from the face of the earth. This is the Lord’s declaration.
4I will stretch out my hand against Judah and against all the residents of Jerusalem. I will cut off every vestige of Baal from this place, the names of the pagan priests along with the priests; 5those who bow in worship on the rooftops to the stars in the sky; those who bow and pledge loyalty to the Lord but also pledge loyalty to Milcom; 6and those who turn back from following the Lord, who do not seek the Lord or inquire of him. 7Be silent in the presence of the Lord God, for the day of the Lord is near. Indeed, the Lord has prepared a sacrifice; he has consecrated his guests.
8On the day of the Lord’s sacrifice I will punish the officials, the king’s sons, and all who are dressed in foreign clothing. 9On that day I will punish all who skip over the threshold, who fill their master’s house with violence and deceit.
10On that day— this is the Lord’s declaration— there will be an outcry from the Fish Gate, a wailing from the Second District, and a loud crashing from the hills. 11Wail, you residents of the Hollow, for all the merchants will be silenced; all those loaded with silver will be cut off.
12And at that time I will search Jerusalem with lamps and punish those who settle down comfortably, who say to themselves: The Lord will do nothing—good or bad. 13Their wealth will become plunder and their houses a ruin. They will build houses but never live in them, plant vineyards but never drink their wine.
14The great day of the Lord is near, near and rapidly approaching. Listen, the day of the Lord— then the warrior’s cry is bitter. 15That day is a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day of destruction and desolation, a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and total darkness, 16a day of ram’s horn and battle cry against the fortified cities, and against the high corner towers. 17I will bring distress on mankind, and they will walk like the blind because they have sinned against the Lord. Their blood will be poured out like dust and their flesh like dung. 18Their silver and their gold will be unable to rescue them on the day of the Lord’s wrath. The whole earth will be consumed by the fire of his jealousy, for he will make a complete, yes, a horrifying end of all the inhabitants of the earth.
2Chapter

A Call to Repentance

1Gather yourselves together; gather together, undesirable nation, 2before the decree takes effect and the day passes like chaff, before the burning of the Lord’s anger overtakes you, before the day of the Lord’s anger overtakes you. 3Seek the Lord, all you humble of the earth, who carry out what he commands. Seek righteousness, seek humility; perhaps you will be concealed on the day of the Lord’s anger.

Judgment against the Nations

4For Gaza will be abandoned, and Ashkelon will become a ruin. Ashdod will be driven out at noon, and Ekron will be uprooted. 5Woe, inhabitants of the seacoast, nation of the Cherethites! The word of the Lord is against you, Canaan, land of the Philistines: I will destroy you until there is no one left. 6The seacoast will become pasturelands with caves for shepherds and pens for sheep. 7The coastland will belong to the remnant of the house of Judah; they will find pasture there. They will lie down in the evening among the houses of Ashkelon, for the Lord their God will return to them and restore their fortunes.
8I have heard the taunting of Moab and the insults of the Ammonites, who have taunted my people and threatened their territory. 9Therefore, as I live— this is the declaration of the Lord of Armies, the God of Israel— Moab will be like Sodom and the Ammonites like Gomorrah: a place overgrown with weeds, a salt pit, and a perpetual wasteland. The remnant of my people will plunder them; the remainder of my nation will dispossess them. 10This is what they get for their pride, because they have taunted and acted arrogantly against the people of the Lord of Armies. 11The Lord will be terrifying to them when he starves all the gods of the earth. Then all the distant coasts and islands of the nations will bow in worship to him, each in its own place.
12You Cushites will also be slain by my sword.
13He will also stretch out his hand against the north and destroy Assyria; he will make Nineveh a desolate ruin, dry as the desert. 14Herds will lie down in the middle of it, every kind of wild animal. Both eagle owls and herons will roost in the capitals of its pillars. Their calls will sound from the window, but devastation will be on the threshold, for he will expose the cedar work. 15This is the jubilant city that lives in security, that says to herself: I exist, and there is no one else. What a desolation she has become, a place for wild animals to lie down! Everyone who passes by her scoffs and shakes his fist.
3Chapter

Woe to Oppressive Jerusalem

1Woe to the city that is rebellious and defiled, the oppressive city! 2She has not obeyed; she has not accepted discipline. She has not trusted in the Lord; she has not drawn near to her God. 3The princes within her are roaring lions; her judges are wolves of the night, which leave nothing for the morning. 4Her prophets are reckless — treacherous men. Her priests profane the sanctuary; they do violence to instruction. 5The righteous Lord is in her; he does no wrong. He applies his justice morning by morning; he does not fail at dawn, yet the one who does wrong knows no shame.
6I have cut off nations; their corner towers are destroyed. I have laid waste their streets, with no one to pass through. Their cities lie devastated, without a person, without an inhabitant. 7I said: You will certainly fear me and accept correction. Then her dwelling place would not be cut off based on all that I had allocated to her. However, they became more corrupt in all their actions. 8Therefore, wait for me — this is the Lord’s declaration— until the day I rise up for plunder. For my decision is to gather nations, to assemble kingdoms, in order to pour out my indignation on them, all my burning anger; for the whole earth will be consumed by the fire of my jealousy.

Final Restoration Promised

9For I will then restore pure speech to the peoples so that all of them may call on the name of the Lord and serve him with a single purpose. 10From beyond the rivers of Cush my supplicants, my dispersed people, will bring an offering to me. 11On that day you will not be put to shame because of everything you have done in rebelling against me. For then I will remove from among you your jubilant, arrogant people, and you will never again be haughty on my holy mountain. 12I will leave a meek and humble people among you, and they will take refuge in the name of the Lord. 13The remnant of Israel will no longer do wrong or tell lies; a deceitful tongue will not be found in their mouths. They will pasture and lie down, with nothing to make them afraid.
14Sing for joy, Daughter Zion; shout loudly, Israel! Be glad and celebrate with all your heart, Daughter Jerusalem! 15The Lord has removed your punishment; he has turned back your enemy. The King of Israel, the Lord, is among you; you need no longer fear harm. 16On that day it will be said to Jerusalem: “Do not fear; Zion, do not let your hands grow weak. 17The Lord your God is among you, a warrior who saves. He will rejoice over you with gladness. He will be quiet in his love. He will delight in you with singing.”
18I will gather those who have been driven from the appointed festivals; they will be a tribute from you and a reproach on her. 19Yes, at that time I will deal with all who oppress you. I will save the lame and gather the outcasts; I will make those who were disgraced throughout the earth receive praise and fame. 20At that time I will bring you back, yes, at the time I will gather you. I will give you fame and praise among all the peoples of the earth, when I restore your fortunes before your eyes. The Lord has spoken.
Study
Chapter 3
CSB

Joy is the serious business of heaven.

—C. S. Lewis

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Jerusalem. God’s people cannot think that they will emerge unscathed on the day of the Lord. If they sin (vv. 1–4) and are shameless (v. 5), they are also held accountable, especially if they lack repentance (vv. 6–7).

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The city is now described as defiled and oppressing. It has become ritually polluted (Isa. 59:3; Mal. 1:7) through sins of idolatry and covenant breaking. Rather than showing care, the city has become brutal and overbearing (Jer. 25:38).

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Among those who should lead the city aright, but have in fact turned against her, are its officials, the civil authorities (1:8; 1 Chron. 28:1), and judges, those in charge of settling legal disputes (Ex. 18:13, 22). Instead of showing benevolence, these leaders were acting as roaring lions, ferocious beasts possessing great power, about to seize prey (Amos 3:4), and as evening (or desert) wolves, known for their ravenous appetite (Gen. 49:27). Leaders, rather than guarding their flock, devour it.

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Religious officials are also condemned, including the prophets. Rather than being speakers of God’s sure word, they speak their own fickle (cf. Gen. 49:4, where “unstable” is the same Hb. word) and even treacherous words (cf. Jer. 3:20). Priests have two roles, and have failed in both. First, they are to help purify sinners through presenting their offerings before God (Leviticus 1–7), but instead they make them profane, unsuitable to be in God’s holy presence (Lev. 10:10; 19:8). Second, they are to teach life under the law (Lev. 10:11; Deut. 17:8–13; 33:10), but instead they do violence (Ezek. 22:26), leading others to do the same.

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Unlike the human leaders, God perpetually shows that he is righteous in not breaking the law (Ezek. 18:5–9) and shows forth his justice in seeing that all receive fair treatment (cf. Ex. 23:6).

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God calls the city to fear, not in panic but in respectful awe at his power (2:11; Ex. 14:31). This is further defined as willingness to accept correction (contrast Zeph. 3:2 as well as Jer. 2:30; 5:3), learning from God’s reproof in renewed obedience and showing the fear of God in action (Prov. 10:17). If they were to do this, they would not experience God’s judgment: your dwelling would not be cut off.

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Summary. The section concludes with a return to worldwide judgment. The people are called to wait for God, not for possible blessing (Isa. 30:18) but rather for his coming judgment. But this time it will not be against Judah itself, since he will gather (Zeph. 3:18–20) all nations of the earth for their judgment.

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Anticipation of Hope. God the judge is also God the gracious. He intends that the nations should turn to him (vv. 9–10), as well as his own people (vv. 11–13). This will cause rejoicing (vv. 14–17), not least because God alone has accomplished salvation (vv. 18–20).

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Conversion of the Nations. God the judge also purifies and calls the distant ones to himself.

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In that day, God will alter the speech (or lips) of the peoples gathered to be punished (Isa. 6:5–7). The nations had polluted speech, worshiping pagan gods, but now they will have pure speech (cf. Ps. 24:4), cleansed to call upon the name of the LORD in worship (Gen. 4:26). (Some have suggested that this may also allude to the reversal of the Babel syndrome in Gen. 11:1–9.) Worship is not only through word but also through deed, since the nations will serve him. The term ‘abad (“work, serve”) designates obedient work for God (Mal. 3:14). This service is universal, done by all, and unanimous, “with one accord” (cf. 1 Kings 22:13).

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The Israelite exiles will be restored to their place from beyond the rivers of Cush (1:1; 2:12; Isa. 18:1) or Ethiopia. These rivers are the Blue and White Nile. “Beyond the river” more often has an eastward orientation, and it can refer to Assyria (Isa. 7:20), as can Cush (Gen. 10:6–8; see Zeph. 2:12–13). These true worshipers will now move toward Jerusalem, whether from east or west.

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Judah’s Return. Not ignoring their sin, God speaks of the removal of impurity from Jerusalem so that his people might be restored.

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Jerusalem’s shame (Isa. 1:29; 54:4) is over, even though it was deserved because of the people’s godless deeds (Zeph. 3:1–4, 7). They had rebelled, flagrantly and purposefully turning against what they knew was right (Hos. 8:1). They were dominated by proudly exultant ones, complacent, wealthy people (Zeph. 1:8–13) who, in being haughty (Isa. 3:16), thought they were self-sufficient, needing nothing from God. Ironically, this contempt was shown in God’s earthly dwelling place, his holy mountain, Zion (Obad. 16), the site of the temple.

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God will especially provide a place for the humble and lowly (2:3) who, unlike the arrogant (3:11), know that they are in need. They not only call on God’s name (v. 9) but also seek refuge in his name (see the same term in Isa. 57:13; Nah. 1:7).

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Previous sins among God’s people—injustice (v. 5), lying (Ezek. 13:6–9), and a deceitful tongue giving words that are not from God (Jer. 14:14)—will be among them no longer.

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Joyful Song. As in the Psalms, people even in the throes of suffering are called to worship and give thanks for their anticipated salvation.

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The defiled city and nation (v. 1) is raised up by being again called the beloved daughter of Zion (Isa. 62:11). Zion is an alternative name for Jerusalem, the city of David (2 Sam. 5:7) and home of the temple (Ps. 9:11; 76:2). Jerusalem’s inhabitants are called Israel since, now that the northern, Israelite tribes are in exile, Judah and its capital, Jerusalem, are the only remaining people who can bear this name as descendants of the first Israel (Jacob; Gen. 28:10–15; 32:28).

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Rejoicing is appropriate because of the presence of the real King of Israel, God, among his people. The human kings of Israel and Judah served only as representatives of Israel’s true monarch, who here blesses with his presence those who repent and return to him. He is not powerless, as some had claimed (1:12).

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When frightened or dismayed, literally one’s hands grow weak (Isa. 13:7; Jer. 6:24). Since God is now present and in control, this will not happen.

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The previously weakened nation is in the presence of the mighty one (Deut. 10:17; Ps. 24:8; Isa. 10:21; 42:13), God himself, who, unlike human warriors and heroes (Zeph. 1:14), does not lose heart. Instead of fleeing in the face of danger, God can save his people from it (Ex. 14:30). This verse remarkably adds that God himself will rejoice over you with gladness, indicating that when God’s people seek him and follow him (Zeph. 3:12–13), and rejoice in him and trust him (vv. 14–16), then God personally delights in them. This is not an aloof, emotionless contentment, but it bursts forth in joyful divine celebration: he will exult over you with loud singing.

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God’s Promised Restoration. Joy is increased through the increased promised blessings from God.

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This verse is very obscure, with numerous translations suggested. This version suggests that those Judean sinners who had been unable to join in the festival celebrations that were reserved for God’s righteous people (see Numbers 28–29) are now able to do so once again.

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God will act on behalf of all his flock who suffered under exile, taking steps to save the lame (Mic. 4:6–7) like a shepherd. Also, the exiles, like outcast, scattered animals (Deut. 22:1; 30:4; John 11:52), will no longer suffer shame at their plight but will rejoice that it is over.

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God’s far-flung people will face restoration at the hand of their King. Instead of being justifiably shamed for their sin, they will be renowned and praised (Deut. 26:19) because of the gracious salvation of God.