Zephaniah

1Chapter
1The word of the Lord that came to Zephaniah son of Cushi, son of Gedaliah, son of Amariah, son of Hezekiah, in the days of Josiah son of Amon, king of Judah.

The Great Day of the Lord

2I will completely sweep away everything from the face of the earth — this is the Lord’s declaration. 3I will sweep away people and animals; I will sweep away the birds of the sky and the fish of the sea, and the ruins along with the wicked. I will cut off mankind from the face of the earth. This is the Lord’s declaration.
4I will stretch out my hand against Judah and against all the residents of Jerusalem. I will cut off every vestige of Baal from this place, the names of the pagan priests along with the priests; 5those who bow in worship on the rooftops to the stars in the sky; those who bow and pledge loyalty to the Lord but also pledge loyalty to Milcom; 6and those who turn back from following the Lord, who do not seek the Lord or inquire of him. 7Be silent in the presence of the Lord God, for the day of the Lord is near. Indeed, the Lord has prepared a sacrifice; he has consecrated his guests.
8On the day of the Lord’s sacrifice I will punish the officials, the king’s sons, and all who are dressed in foreign clothing. 9On that day I will punish all who skip over the threshold, who fill their master’s house with violence and deceit.
10On that day— this is the Lord’s declaration— there will be an outcry from the Fish Gate, a wailing from the Second District, and a loud crashing from the hills. 11Wail, you residents of the Hollow, for all the merchants will be silenced; all those loaded with silver will be cut off.
12And at that time I will search Jerusalem with lamps and punish those who settle down comfortably, who say to themselves: The Lord will do nothing—good or bad. 13Their wealth will become plunder and their houses a ruin. They will build houses but never live in them, plant vineyards but never drink their wine.
14The great day of the Lord is near, near and rapidly approaching. Listen, the day of the Lord— then the warrior’s cry is bitter. 15That day is a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day of destruction and desolation, a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and total darkness, 16a day of ram’s horn and battle cry against the fortified cities, and against the high corner towers. 17I will bring distress on mankind, and they will walk like the blind because they have sinned against the Lord. Their blood will be poured out like dust and their flesh like dung. 18Their silver and their gold will be unable to rescue them on the day of the Lord’s wrath. The whole earth will be consumed by the fire of his jealousy, for he will make a complete, yes, a horrifying end of all the inhabitants of the earth.
2Chapter

A Call to Repentance

1Gather yourselves together; gather together, undesirable nation, 2before the decree takes effect and the day passes like chaff, before the burning of the Lord’s anger overtakes you, before the day of the Lord’s anger overtakes you. 3Seek the Lord, all you humble of the earth, who carry out what he commands. Seek righteousness, seek humility; perhaps you will be concealed on the day of the Lord’s anger.

Judgment against the Nations

4For Gaza will be abandoned, and Ashkelon will become a ruin. Ashdod will be driven out at noon, and Ekron will be uprooted. 5Woe, inhabitants of the seacoast, nation of the Cherethites! The word of the Lord is against you, Canaan, land of the Philistines: I will destroy you until there is no one left. 6The seacoast will become pasturelands with caves for shepherds and pens for sheep. 7The coastland will belong to the remnant of the house of Judah; they will find pasture there. They will lie down in the evening among the houses of Ashkelon, for the Lord their God will return to them and restore their fortunes.
8I have heard the taunting of Moab and the insults of the Ammonites, who have taunted my people and threatened their territory. 9Therefore, as I live— this is the declaration of the Lord of Armies, the God of Israel— Moab will be like Sodom and the Ammonites like Gomorrah: a place overgrown with weeds, a salt pit, and a perpetual wasteland. The remnant of my people will plunder them; the remainder of my nation will dispossess them. 10This is what they get for their pride, because they have taunted and acted arrogantly against the people of the Lord of Armies. 11The Lord will be terrifying to them when he starves all the gods of the earth. Then all the distant coasts and islands of the nations will bow in worship to him, each in its own place.
12You Cushites will also be slain by my sword.
13He will also stretch out his hand against the north and destroy Assyria; he will make Nineveh a desolate ruin, dry as the desert. 14Herds will lie down in the middle of it, every kind of wild animal. Both eagle owls and herons will roost in the capitals of its pillars. Their calls will sound from the window, but devastation will be on the threshold, for he will expose the cedar work. 15This is the jubilant city that lives in security, that says to herself: I exist, and there is no one else. What a desolation she has become, a place for wild animals to lie down! Everyone who passes by her scoffs and shakes his fist.
3Chapter

Woe to Oppressive Jerusalem

1Woe to the city that is rebellious and defiled, the oppressive city! 2She has not obeyed; she has not accepted discipline. She has not trusted in the Lord; she has not drawn near to her God. 3The princes within her are roaring lions; her judges are wolves of the night, which leave nothing for the morning. 4Her prophets are reckless — treacherous men. Her priests profane the sanctuary; they do violence to instruction. 5The righteous Lord is in her; he does no wrong. He applies his justice morning by morning; he does not fail at dawn, yet the one who does wrong knows no shame.
6I have cut off nations; their corner towers are destroyed. I have laid waste their streets, with no one to pass through. Their cities lie devastated, without a person, without an inhabitant. 7I said: You will certainly fear me and accept correction. Then her dwelling place would not be cut off based on all that I had allocated to her. However, they became more corrupt in all their actions. 8Therefore, wait for me — this is the Lord’s declaration— until the day I rise up for plunder. For my decision is to gather nations, to assemble kingdoms, in order to pour out my indignation on them, all my burning anger; for the whole earth will be consumed by the fire of my jealousy.

Final Restoration Promised

9For I will then restore pure speech to the peoples so that all of them may call on the name of the Lord and serve him with a single purpose. 10From beyond the rivers of Cush my supplicants, my dispersed people, will bring an offering to me. 11On that day you will not be put to shame because of everything you have done in rebelling against me. For then I will remove from among you your jubilant, arrogant people, and you will never again be haughty on my holy mountain. 12I will leave a meek and humble people among you, and they will take refuge in the name of the Lord. 13The remnant of Israel will no longer do wrong or tell lies; a deceitful tongue will not be found in their mouths. They will pasture and lie down, with nothing to make them afraid.
14Sing for joy, Daughter Zion; shout loudly, Israel! Be glad and celebrate with all your heart, Daughter Jerusalem! 15The Lord has removed your punishment; he has turned back your enemy. The King of Israel, the Lord, is among you; you need no longer fear harm. 16On that day it will be said to Jerusalem: “Do not fear; Zion, do not let your hands grow weak. 17The Lord your God is among you, a warrior who saves. He will rejoice over you with gladness. He will be quiet in his love. He will delight in you with singing.”
18I will gather those who have been driven from the appointed festivals; they will be a tribute from you and a reproach on her. 19Yes, at that time I will deal with all who oppress you. I will save the lame and gather the outcasts; I will make those who were disgraced throughout the earth receive praise and fame. 20At that time I will bring you back, yes, at the time I will gather you. I will give you fame and praise among all the peoples of the earth, when I restore your fortunes before your eyes. The Lord has spoken.
Study
Chapter 1
ESV

The Day of the Lord. The remainder of the prophecy concerns the multifaceted “day of the LORD,” which on the one hand holds judgment (1:7–3:8), and on the other, hope (3:9–20). It affects not only God’s covenant nation (1:8–13; 2:1–3; 3:1–7) but others as well (1:14–18; 2:4–15). Looking to more immediate, historical fulfillment (2:4–15), it also points toward the distant future (1:14–18; 3:8–13; Acts 17:31; 2 Pet. 3:10; Rev. 20:11–15). On the theme of the “day of the Lord,” see note on Amos 5:18–20 and diagram.

ESV

Heading. This verse introduces the genre, ultimate author, prophetic intermediary, and time period of the prophecy. Word opens other prophecies as well (e.g., Hos. 1:1; Joel 1:1; Mic. 1:1). Lord is the personal name of Israel’s God, Yahweh or Jehovah. See note on Ex. 3:15. Cushi, a proper name (Jer. 36:14), is also an ethnic designation for “Cushite, Ethiopian.” This could explain the inclusion of the genealogy indicating that Zephaniah is in fact an Israelite. Hezekiah is possibly the early, reforming fourteenth king of Judah (2 Kings 18:1–20:21; 2 Chron. 29:1–32:33). Josiah, the pious Judean king, reestablished worship of Yahweh (2 Kings 22:1–23:30; 2 Chron. 34:1–35:27; Jer. 1:2). Amon was an evil king of Judah like his apostate father Manasseh (2 Kings 21:19–26; 2 Chron. 33:21–25).

ESV

Judgment Coming against Judah. God first directs his attention against all living beings (vv. 2–3), then more specifically against his own people, Judah, represented by their capital, Jerusalem (vv. 4–6).

ESV

To sweep away is to completely remove or destroy something (1 Sam. 15:6; Jer. 16:5). Who and what will be swept away is specified in Zeph. 1:4–6; namely, “the remnant of Baal” and the “idolatrous priests” in Jerusalem (v. 4); all who practice idolatrous worship (“who bow down on the roofs to the host of the heavens” and who “swear by Milcom,” v. 5); and all “those who have turned back from following the LORD” (v. 6). In his holiness and his righteous judgment, God zealously destroys evil, sweeping away the lives of all “who do not seek the LORD” (v. 6).

ESV

The listing of man and beast … the birds … and the fish highlights the totality of destruction through terms that occur in the creation account (Gen. 1:20, 24–25, 26–28). God, the Creator of everything, will destroy everything due to the sin of mankind, creation’s representative.

ESV

Judah alone remained to serve as God’s new humanity since her northern neighbor Israel was exiled to Assyria in 722 B.C. Yet the presence of a righteous king such as Josiah (v. 1) was not enough to avert God’s judgment from Judah when other officials (v. 8; 3:3–5) and the people (1:9–12) were persisting in evil. Jerusalem, Judah’s capital, represented the entire nation. Baal (lit., lord, master) is the title commonly designating the Canaanite storm god, Hadad, whom Israel was prone to worship (Judg. 6:25; 1 Kings 16:31–32; 18). It could also refer to an Assyrian god, Bel. The term idolatrous priests is used only of pagan priests (cf. 2 Kings 23:5; Hos. 10:5).

ESV

Host of the heavens refers to the astral deities worshiped by both Assyrians and Canaanites (Deut. 4:19; Jer. 19:13). Milcom is the god of the pagan Ammonites (1 Kings 11:5, 33). The law strictly prohibited mixing worship of God and a pagan deity (Ex. 20:3).

ESV

The people turned back, becoming apostate and leaving their first faith (Isa. 59:13).

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Day of Sacrifice and Punishment. After an announcement of the day of the Lord (v. 7), practitioners of specific evil deeds are warned (vv. 8–9).

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The people are commanded to be silent, a sign of respect or fear (Amos 6:10; 8:3). The day of the LORD is the coming day in which God will judge his enemies (cf. Joel 1:8–3:8) and bless his followers (Zeph. 3:9–20). The sacrifice will be prepared by God himself, not dedicated to him as is customary. The guests will be consecrated. This either means (1) that they are to eat a holy meal (cf. 1 Sam. 16:5); or possibly (2) that they are themselves the sacrifice, in judgment of their sins.

ESV

Officials and the king’s sons are the civil leadership punished for the nation’s sin. Those engaged in syncretism (combining service of God with things taken from other religions) during worship (2 Kings 10:22; Mal. 2:11) or in daily life (Neh. 13:30) appear to have worn some undefined foreign attire.

ESV

When one leaps over the threshold, it is a pagan routine, possibly a Philistine practice (cf. 1 Sam. 5:4–5). Violence and fraud are evil acts in opposition to the healing and truth that come from truly worshiping God (cf. Gen. 6:11). “Fraud” (Hb. mirmah) can also be translated “deceit,” as in Jer. 9:6 (cf. Isa. 53:9).

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The Coming Wrath. A litany of punishments is leveled against Jerusalem and its inhabitants (vv. 10–16) and against all humanity (vv. 17–18).

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Against God’s People. Inhabitants of specific Jerusalem neighborhoods are noted (vv. 10–11), their chief failing (complacency in sin) is mentioned (v. 12), and their punishment is detailed (vv. 13–16).

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The Fish Gate was probably the main northern city gate (2 Chron. 33:14), while the Second Quarter was a newer city section north of the temple (2 Kings 22:14). Jerusalem is surrounded by hills, but this could be a specific area, probably to the north, known to Zephaniah’s hearers.

ESV

The location of the Mortar is uncertain, but it was possibly a mortar-shaped, or hollow, quarry (Judg. 15:19). Traders, lit., “Canaanites” (Prov. 31:24; Hos. 12:7), who became the later Phoenicians, were important merchants and traders.

ESV

The complacent are those who “are thickening on their dregs” (esv footnote) like undisturbed wine that collects useless sediment. These lethargic people will not rouse themselves enough to save themselves. Since God has not yet judged their sin, perhaps they assume that he never will, not realizing that judgment can come any day (cf. James 5:1–9; 2 Pet. 3:3–4). The LORD will not do good, nor … ill is an expectation of the apathetic Judeans. Not denying the existence of God, they deny rather his ongoing activity in either blessing or punishing. This negates a core element of biblical theology: God is constantly active in history.

ESV

Goods … houses … vineyards belong to the rich and powerful; those who can afford their own dwellings and lands will lose everything and do not seem to care. (See further the covenant curses for disobedience in Deut. 28:15–68.) They shall not inhabit them implies that, because of their sin, God will not allow them to enjoy the rewards of their work.

ESV

God’s day is near and hastening fast. The importance of quickly responding to God is highlighted through emphasizing the impending judgment (v. 7). The mighty man cries aloud as the valiant hero lifts his battle cry (Isa. 42:13; cf. Zeph. 3:17) on God’s day.

ESV

The description as a day of wrath highlights the judgmental nature of the day. It is described by a catalog of frightening terms, many of which accompany theophanies (appearances of God) in other contexts (e.g., Ex. 19:16–19) where God will act against his own people as if they were his enemy.

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Fortified cities speaks of even the most secure of Judah’s strongholds; they will prove vulnerable to her almighty God.

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Against All Humanity. Since sin is universal, so is God’s judgment of sinners.

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Instead of walking in God’s guidance, Judah will walk like the blind, staggering from her spiritual blindness (cf. Deut. 28:28, where blindness is a punishment for unfaithfulness). Blood … like dust … like dung renders the valuable worthless. Though blood carries life itself (Lev. 17:11), it will lose all its value like these two insignificant items (1 Kings 14:10; Zech. 9:3).

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Neither their silver nor their gold means that material valued by humans (cf. vv. 11, 13), which was often formed into idols (Isa. 2:20; 30:22), will not be able to withstand God, whether in its natural or idolatrous form. God’s jealousy means that he cherishes his position as unique in the affections of his people to such an extent that he makes it the foundation of his covenant with them (Ex. 20:3).