Nahum

1Chapter
1The pronouncement concerning Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite.

God’s Vengeance

2The Lord is a jealous and avenging God; the Lord takes vengeance and is fierce in wrath. The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he is furious with his enemies. 3The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will never leave the guilty unpunished. His path is in the whirlwind and storm, and clouds are the dust beneath his feet. 4He rebukes the sea and dries it up, and he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; even the flower of Lebanon withers. 5The mountains quake before him, and the hills melt; the earth trembles at his presence— the world and all who live in it. 6Who can withstand his indignation? Who can endure his burning anger? His wrath is poured out like fire; even rocks are shattered before him.

Destruction of Nineveh

7The Lord is good, a stronghold in a day of distress; he cares for those who take refuge in him. 8But he will completely destroy Nineveh with an overwhelming flood, and he will chase his enemies into darkness.
9Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will bring it to complete destruction; oppression will not rise up a second time. 10For they will be consumed like entangled thorns, like the drink of a drunkard and like straw that is fully dry. 11One has gone out from you, who plots evil against the Lord, and is a wicked counselor.

Promise of Judah’s Deliverance

12This is what the Lord says: Though they are strong and numerous, they will still be mowed down, and he will pass away. Though I have punished you, I will punish you no longer. 13For I will now break off his yoke from you and tear off your shackles.

The Assyrian King’s Demise

14The Lord has issued an order concerning you: There will be no offspring to carry on your name. I will eliminate the carved idol and cast image from the house of your gods; I will prepare your grave, for you are contemptible.
15Look to the mountains— the feet of the herald, who proclaims peace. Celebrate your festivals, Judah; fulfill your vows. For the wicked one will never again march through you; he will be entirely wiped out.
2Chapter

Attack against Nineveh

1One who scatters is coming up against you. Man the fortifications! Watch the road! Brace yourself! Summon all your strength!
2For the Lord will restore the majesty of Jacob, yes, the majesty of Israel, though ravagers have ravaged them and ruined their vine branches.
3The shields of his warriors are dyed red; the valiant men are dressed in scarlet. The fittings of the chariot flash like fire on the day of its battle preparations, and the spears are brandished. 4The chariots dash madly through the streets; they rush around in the plazas. They look like torches; they dart back and forth like lightning. 5He gives orders to his officers; they stumble as they advance. They race to its wall; the protective shield is set in place. 6The river gates are opened, and the palace erodes away.
7Beauty is stripped; she is carried away; her ladies-in-waiting moan like the sound of doves and beat their breasts. 8Nineveh has been like a pool of water from her first days, but they are fleeing. “Stop! Stop!” they cry, but no one turns back. 9“Plunder the silver! Plunder the gold!” There is no end to the treasure, an abundance of every precious thing. 10Desolation, decimation, devastation! Hearts melt, knees tremble, insides churn, every face grows pale!
11Where is the lions’ lair, or the feeding ground of the young lions, where the lion and lioness prowled, and the lion’s cub, with nothing to frighten them away? 12The lion mauled whatever its cubs needed and strangled prey for its lionesses. It filled up its dens with the kill, and its lairs with mauled prey. 13Beware, I am against you. This is the declaration of the Lord of Armies. I will make your chariots go up in smoke, and the sword will devour your young lions. I will cut off your prey from the earth, and the sound of your messengers will never be heard again.
3Chapter

Nineveh’s Downfall

1Woe to the city of blood, totally deceitful, full of plunder, never without prey. 2The crack of the whip and rumble of the wheel, galloping horse and jolting chariot! 3Charging horseman, flashing sword, shining spear; heaps of slain, mounds of corpses, dead bodies without end — they stumble over their dead. 4Because of the continual prostitution of the prostitute, the attractive mistress of sorcery, who treats nations and clans like merchandise by her prostitution and sorcery, 5I am against you. This is the declaration of the Lord of Armies. I will lift your skirts over your face and display your nakedness to nations, your shame to kingdoms. 6I will throw filth on you and treat you with contempt; I will make a spectacle of you. 7Then all who see you will recoil from you, saying, “Nineveh is devastated; who will show sympathy to her?” Where can I find anyone to comfort you?
8Are you better than Thebes that sat along the Nile with water surrounding her, whose rampart was the sea, the river her wall? 9Cush and Egypt were her endless source of strength; Put and Libya were among her allies. 10Yet she became an exile; she went into captivity. Her children were also dashed to pieces at the head of every street. They cast lots for her dignitaries, and all her nobles were bound in chains. 11You also will become drunk; you will hide. You also will seek refuge from the enemy.
12All your fortresses are fig trees with figs that ripened first; when shaken, they fall— right into the mouth of the eater!
13Look, your troops are like women among you; your land’s city gates are wide open to your enemies. Fire will devour the bars of your gates.
14Draw water for the siege; strengthen your fortresses. Step into the clay and tread the mortar; take hold of the brick-mold! 15The fire will devour you there; the sword will cut you down. It will devour you like the young locust. Multiply yourselves like the young locust; multiply like the swarming locust! 16You have made your merchants more numerous than the stars of the sky. The young locust strips the land and flies away. 17Your court officials are like the swarming locust, and your scribes like clouds of locusts, which settle on the walls on a cold day; when the sun rises, they take off, and no one knows where they are.
18King of Assyria, your shepherds slumber; your officers sleep. Your people are scattered across the mountains with no one to gather them together. 19There is no remedy for your injury; your wound is severe. All who hear the news about you will clap their hands because of you, for who has not experienced your constant cruelty?
Study
Chapter 1
ESV

Introduction. The double title in this superscription for the book is unique in the OT: oracle (Hb. massa’) denotes a prophetic utterance or proclamation (see note on Hab. 1:1), and vision (Hb. khazon) indicates how God communicated the contents of the book to Nahum. In Nahum, the name Nineveh occurs again only in 2:8 and 3:7.

CSB

Even Christians who are firmly convinced of the authority and inspiration of the Scriptures tend to minimize, or explain away, descriptions of the wrath and vengeance of God such as Nahum presented here. While it may not be appropriate to use such passages when first approaching people with a view to persuading them of the truth of the Bible, eventually there comes a time when we cannot avoid the question of how God’s wrath and vengeance are related to his love. Pursuing these connections requires thought, courage, and a willingness to come to know God as he is and not as we might wish him to be. Conversion to the faith of Christ is not simply a matter of “asking Jesus to come into your heart.” It involves a metanoia (the NT word for “repentance”), which means, literally, a “change of mind.” In other words, becoming a believer involves adopting a new worldview, or perspective on reality. The modern Western worldview has blurred distinctions between right and wrong, and within such a perspective there is no place for the wrath and judgment of God. But when one’s perspective changes, and it becomes evident that God is a moral force to be reckoned with, then it becomes equally apparent that serious consequences ensue for those who attempt to live without regard for his plan for human life (Rm 1:16-32).

ESV

A Psalm Descriptively Praising the Lord. This praise is general in nature, describing God as he has been and will be throughout world history.

ESV

a The Lord Takes Vengeance on His Guilty Adversaries. The Lord is jealous with regard to his own honor and those in covenant fellowship with him. avenging. God’s holy anger is righteous and just, in defense of his word and his people. keeps wrath. God holds back the venting of his anger until an appropriate time (cf. Ps. 103:9). slow to anger (Ex. 34:6). God’s patience explains why the wicked often do not immediately receive the judgment they deserve (cf. Ezek. 33:11). great in power. The delay in deserved judgment is not due to a lack of power or control on God’s part. will by no means clear the guilty (cf. Ex. 34:7). That the wicked seemingly prosper does not mean God regards them as innocent or has forgotten their iniquity.

ESV

b whirlwind and storm. A possible polemic against the storm-god(s) theology of many ancient Near Eastern religions.

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b–6 The Lord Rules Creation in Majesty, and No One Can Stand before His Wrath. God’s interaction with, and his effect on, nature and the natural world is described in figurative language illustrating God’s awesome majesty and omnipotence.

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rebukes the sea … dries up … rivers. Cf. the exodus (Exodus 14) and conquest (Joshua 3–4). Bashan, a northern Transjordanian region, was famous for its rich pasturelands. Carmel, a mountain next to the Mediterranean Sea and close to Lower Galilee, was well known for its beauty and luxuriant countryside. Lebanon, a mountainous region just to the north of Israel, was noted for its forests. For a similar reference to these three regions, see Isa. 33:9. Hills and mountains are symbols of permanence and immovability, but even they cannot stand before God.

ESV

wrath. See v. 2. Fire is a frequent image used in the OT to emphasize God’s fierce and all-consuming wrath (e.g., Gen. 19:24; Ps. 11:6; Amos 5:6). Rocks represent the hardest objects in nature, easily shattered by the Lord.

ESV

The Lord Delivers Those Who Take Refuge in Him. In contrast to his anger, God is good to his people, blessing those who trust in him. stronghold. The Lord is the never-failing protector of his people. He will keep them safe and rescue them from human and spiritual enemies (e.g., Ps. 27:1; 37:39; Isa. 17:10; Jer. 16:19). God knows his people with love and affection, which results in his benevolent actions.

ESV

The Lord Destroys His Adversaries. A striking contrast to v. 7. This alternation at the end of the first major section (vv. 2–8) sets the pattern for a similar alternation in the next section (vv. 9–15). The description in v. 8 of God dealing with his “enemies” echoes v. 2. Like an overflowing flood, God’s judgment is overwhelming; Nineveh was to be destroyed by a flood (see 2:6, 8). complete end … darkness. God’s judgment will culminate with removal from this life and everlasting damnation.

ESV

The Lord’s Coming Judgment on Nineveh and Deliverance of Judah. The preceding section (vv. 2–8) presented in a general way the omnipotent cosmic monarch’s attitude toward, and action with, his enemies and his people. In this section (vv. 9–15) the focus turns to Nineveh and Judah, alternating between the Lord’s coming judgment on Nineveh and his deliverance of Judah.

ESV

a The Destruction of Wicked, Plotting Nineveh. God addresses Nineveh, saying that in spite of her plots and might, she will fall.

ESV

You is masculine plural in Hebrew, presumably addressing the Assyrians (cf. the superscription in v. 1, “concerning Nineveh,” the capital of Assyria). plot. Plots to harm God’s people are ultimately against the LORD himself. complete end. See v. 8; here it is specifically applied to Nineveh. Trouble (cf. v. 7) is what Judah experienced because of oppressive Assyria.

ESV

Entangled thorns can be thrown en masse into the fire, just as the Assyrians as a whole will be wiped out. Like drunkards, the Assyrians will be unable to defend themselves successfully against their attackers. The image of burning dry stubble, a frequent one in the OT, conveys the sense of quick extermination.

ESV

You is feminine singular in Hebrew and thus refers to the city of Nineveh (see v. 9). one who … worthless counselor. Either a reference to a particular wicked Assyrian king or to the series of evil Assyrian kings who reigned in Nineveh after Sennacherib made that city the capital (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background).

ESV

a they. The Assyrians. full strength. Assyria was likely at the height of its power when Nahum wrote (see Introduction: Date). many. The Assyrian army was large enough to manage a number of extensive conquests (e.g., 2 Kings 19:35) and maintain control of the empire for lengthy periods of time. will be cut down and pass away. God would end the military dominance of the Assyrians, and they would pass from the pages of history (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background).

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b–13 Judah, Having Been Afflicted by the Lord, Is Freed from Assyrian Bondage. The Assyrian yoke was only temporary, for God’s purposes.

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b Though I have afflicted you. Suddenly God addresses Judah (see v. 15). This dramatic change in the flow of v. 12, the direct address, and the initial anonymity of the addressee were attention-getting devices emphasizing the announcement of good news that follows. God had used the Assyrians to chasten wayward Judah. I will afflict you no more. Since God would overthrow Nineveh, the Assyrians would never again be Judah’s scourge.

ESV

His yoke refers to the burdensome rule of the Assyrian monarchs (cf. v. 11) over Judah. About 734/733 B.C., during the reign of Ahaz (2 Kings 16:7–8), the southern kingdom had become a vassal state of Assyria. This involved paying heavy tribute to the Assyrians (cf. 2 Kings 18:13–16) and other oppressive measures. When Judah revolted under Hezekiah, the Assyrians in 701 B.C. devastated the land (2 Kings 18:13; Isa. 7:18–25; 8:5–8) and took away many people and much plunder. break … burst. The vassalage of Judah lasted until the reign of Josiah (640–609 B.C.), when Assyria began to decline rapidly and finally ceased to be a nation (see Introduction: Date).

ESV

The Termination of Vile, Idolatrous Nineveh. You is masculine singular in Hebrew. Nahum suddenly switches to directly addressing the Assyrian king(s) (see v. 11): the Assyrian monarchy would come to a decisive end. This implies the total conquest of Assyria and the irreversible fall of Nineveh. the house of your gods I will cut off. Complete defeat of the Assyrian ruler would also be marked by the desecration of his temple and the destruction or removal of his idols, which represented the gods who he believed gave him power, wealth, and descendants. Archaeologists have noted the complete destruction that Nineveh’s temples underwent.

ESV

Peace and Deliverance for Judah. This verse concludes the second major portion of the book (vv. 9–15). Nahum returns to addressing Judah. What he has foretold with regard to Nineveh, the Assyrian monarchy, and the Assyrians he now considers as good as accomplished. upon the mountains. The imagery is that of a messenger bearing the good news of the fall and devastation of Nineveh. The people first catch sight of him running along the Judean mountains (cf. Isa. 52:7). peace. Judah does not have to be afraid of any more military action and oppression coming from Assyria (on peace in the OT and NT, cf. note on John 14:27). Keep your feasts. These festivals would remind the people of the Lord’s past acts of deliverance and the future hope of the coming Messiah. At the feasts they would also, as a nation, worship the Lord and give him proper thanks and praise. fulfill your vows. Some in Judah voluntarily made vows to the Lord to give him thank offerings. the worthless. I.e., the Assyrians (cf. Nah. 1:11).