Joel

1Chapter
1The word of the Lord that came to Joel son of Pethuel:

A Plague of Locusts

2Hear this, you elders; listen, all you inhabitants of the land. Has anything like this ever happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors? 3Tell your children about it, and let your children tell their children, and their children the next generation. 4What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust has eaten; what the swarming locust has left, the young locust has eaten; and what the young locust has left, the destroying locust has eaten.
5Wake up, you drunkards, and weep; wail, all you wine drinkers, because of the sweet wine, for it has been taken from your mouth. 6For a nation has invaded my land, powerful and without number; its teeth are the teeth of a lion, and it has the fangs of a lioness. 7It has devastated my grapevine and splintered my fig tree. It has stripped off its bark and thrown it away; its branches have turned white. 8Grieve like a young woman dressed in sackcloth, mourning for the husband of her youth. 9Grain and drink offerings have been cut off from the house of the Lord; the priests, who are ministers of the Lord, mourn. 10The fields are destroyed; the land grieves; indeed, the grain is destroyed; the new wine is dried up; and the fresh oil fails. 11Be ashamed, you farmers, wail, you vinedressers, over the wheat and the barley, because the harvest of the field has perished. 12The grapevine is dried up, and the fig tree is withered; the pomegranate, the date palm, and the apple — all the trees of the orchard—have withered. Indeed, human joy has dried up.
13Dress in sackcloth and lament, you priests; wail, you ministers of the altar. Come and spend the night in sackcloth, you ministers of my God, because grain and drink offerings are withheld from the house of your God. 14Announce a sacred fast; proclaim a solemn assembly! Gather the elders and all the residents of the land at the house of the Lord your God, and cry out to the Lord.

The Day of the Lord

15Woe because of that day! For the day of the Lord is near and will come as devastation from the Almighty. 16Hasn’t the food been cut off before our eyes, joy and gladness from the house of our God? 17The seeds lie shriveled in their casings. The storehouses are in ruin, and the granaries are broken down, because the grain has withered away. 18How the animals groan! The herds of cattle wander in confusion since they have no pasture. Even the flocks of sheep and goats suffer punishment. 19I call to you, Lord, for fire has consumed the pastures of the wilderness, and flames have devoured all the trees of the orchard. 20Even the wild animals cry out to you, for the river beds are dried up, and fire has consumed the pastures of the wilderness.
2Chapter
1Blow the ram’s horn in Zion; sound the alarm on my holy mountain! Let all the residents of the land tremble, for the day of the Lord is coming; in fact, it is near— 2a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and total darkness, like the dawn spreading over the mountains; a great and strong people appears, such as never existed in ages past and never will again in all the generations to come.
3A fire devours in front of them, and behind them a flame blazes. The land in front of them is like the garden of Eden, but behind them, it is like a desert wasteland; there is no escape from them. 4Their appearance is like that of horses, and they gallop like war horses. 5They bound on the tops of the mountains. Their sound is like the sound of chariots, like the sound of fiery flames consuming stubble, like a mighty army deployed for war.
6Nations writhe in horror before them; all faces turn pale. 7They attack as warriors attack; they scale walls as men of war do. Each goes on his own path, and they do not change their course. 8They do not push each other; each proceeds on his own path. They dodge the arrows, never stopping. 9They storm the city; they run on the wall; they climb into the houses; they enter through the windows like thieves.
10The earth quakes before them; the sky shakes. The sun and moon grow dark, and the stars cease their shining. 11The Lord makes his voice heard in the presence of his army. His camp is very large; those who carry out his command are powerful. Indeed, the day of the Lord is terrible and dreadful — who can endure it?

God’s Call for Repentance

12Even now— this is the Lord’s declaration— turn to me with all your heart, with fasting, weeping, and mourning. 13Tear your hearts, not just your clothes, and return to the Lord your God. For he is gracious and compassionate, slow to anger, abounding in faithful love, and he relents from sending disaster. 14Who knows? He may turn and relent and leave a blessing behind him, so you can offer a grain offering and a drink offering to the Lord your God.
15Blow the ram’s horn in Zion! Announce a sacred fast; proclaim a solemn assembly. 16Gather the people; sanctify the congregation; assemble the aged; gather the infants, even babies nursing at the breast. Let the groom leave his bedroom, and the bride her honeymoon chamber. 17Let the priests, the Lord’s ministers, weep between the portico and the altar. Let them say, “Have pity on your people, Lord, and do not make your inheritance a disgrace, an object of scorn among the nations. Why should it be said among the peoples, ‘Where is their God?’”

God’s Response to His People

18Then the Lord became jealous for his land and spared his people. 19The Lord answered his people: Look, I am about to send you grain, new wine, and fresh oil. You will be satiated with them, and I will no longer make you a disgrace among the nations.
20I will drive the northerner far from you and banish him to a dry and desolate land, his front ranks into the Dead Sea, and his rear guard into the Mediterranean Sea. His stench will rise; yes, his rotten smell will rise, for he has done astonishing things.
21Don’t be afraid, land; rejoice and be glad, for the Lord has done astonishing things. 22Don’t be afraid, wild animals, for the wilderness pastures have turned green, the trees bear their fruit, and the fig tree and grapevine yield their riches. 23Children of Zion, rejoice and be glad in the Lord your God, because he gives you the autumn rain for your vindication. He sends showers for you, both autumn and spring rain as before. 24The threshing floors will be full of grain, and the vats will overflow with new wine and fresh oil.
25I will repay you for the years that the swarming locust ate, the young locust, the destroying locust, and the devouring locust— my great army that I sent against you. 26You will have plenty to eat and be satisfied. You will praise the name of the Lord your God, who has dealt wondrously with you. My people will never again be put to shame. 27You will know that I am present in Israel and that I am the Lord your God, and there is no other. My people will never again be put to shame.

God’s Promise of His Spirit

28After this I will pour out my Spirit on all humanity; then your sons and your daughters will prophesy, your old men will have dreams, and your young men will see visions. 29I will even pour out my Spirit on the male and female slaves in those days. 30I will display wonders in the heavens and on the earth: blood, fire, and columns of smoke. 31The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes. 32Then everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved, for there will be an escape for those on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem, as the Lord promised, among the survivors the Lord calls.
3Chapter

Judgment of the Nations

1Yes, in those days and at that time, when I restore the fortunes of Judah and Jerusalem, 2I will gather all the nations and take them to the Valley of Jehoshaphat. I will enter into judgment with them there because of my people, my inheritance Israel. The nations have scattered the Israelites in foreign countries and divided up my land. 3They cast lots for my people; they bartered a boy for a prostitute and sold a girl for wine to drink.
4And also: Tyre, Sidon, and all the territories of Philistia —what are you to me? Are you paying me back or trying to get even with me? I will quickly bring retribution on your heads. 5For you took my silver and gold and carried my finest treasures to your temples. 6You sold the people of Judah and Jerusalem to the Greeks to remove them far from their own territory. 7Look, I am about to rouse them up from the place where you sold them; I will bring retribution on your heads. 8I will sell your sons and daughters to the people of Judah, and they will sell them to the Sabeans, to a distant nation, for the Lord has spoken. 9Proclaim this among the nations: Prepare for holy war; rouse the warriors; let all the men of war advance and attack! 10Beat your plows into swords and your pruning knives into spears. Let even the weakling say, “I am a warrior.” 11Come quickly, all you surrounding nations; gather yourselves. Bring down your warriors there, Lord.
12Let the nations be roused and come to the Valley of Jehoshaphat, for there I will sit down to judge all the surrounding nations. 13Swing the sickle because the harvest is ripe. Come and trample the grapes because the winepress is full; the wine vats overflow because the wickedness of the nations is extreme.
14Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of the Lord is near in the valley of decision. 15The sun and moon will grow dark, and the stars will cease their shining. 16The Lord will roar from Zion and make his voice heard from Jerusalem; heaven and earth will shake. But the Lord will be a refuge for his people, a stronghold for the Israelites.

Israel Blessed

17Then you will know that I am the Lord your God, who dwells in Zion, my holy mountain. Jerusalem will be holy, and foreigners will never overrun it again. 18In that day the mountains will drip with sweet wine, and the hills will flow with milk. All the streams of Judah will flow with water, and a spring will issue from the Lord’s house, watering the Valley of Acacias. 19Egypt will become desolate, and Edom a desert wasteland, because of the violence done to the people of Judah in whose land they shed innocent blood. 20But Judah will be inhabited forever, and Jerusalem from generation to generation. 21I will pardon their bloodguilt, which I have not pardoned, for the Lord dwells in Zion.
Study
Chapter 3
ESV

Judgment: The Lord’s Judgment against the Nations and His Dwelling with His People. The Lord provides reasons for judgment (vv. 1–8), a description of judgment on the day of the Lord that will be their climax (vv. 9–16), and the certainty of the Lord’s dwelling with his people (vv. 17–21).

ESV

in those days. This generic reference recalls the events of 2:28–32 and particularly the day of the Lord (Jer. 33:15; 50:4, 20).

ESV

all the nations. That is, all oppressors of God’s people (cf. Ps. 110:6; Isa. 66:18; Jer. 25:31; Ezek. 39:21; Mic. 4:11–12; Zeph. 3:8). Valley of Jehoshaphat (“Yahweh has judged”) refers to a place of final judgment rather than a known geographical location. Scattered refers to deportation associated with exile.

ESV

cast lots for my people. In order to take them away as slaves. See Obad. 11.

ESV

As if in a courtroom, the Lord brings the questions, charges, and verdict directly to specific nations.

ESV

Tyre and Sidon were Phoenician cities along the Mediterranean coast. Relations between Israel and Phoenicia were occasionally good (cf. 1 Kings 5:1), but sometimes Phoenicia was a polluting influence (1 Kings 16:31). Philistia, on the other hand, was a longtime enemy of Israel (Jer. 47:4). I will return your payment. Restoration for God’s people becomes God’s recompense against the nations. Cf. “restore” in Joel 3:1—the same Hebrew verb as “return” in v. 4.

ESV

sold … to the Greeks. The Hebrew, hayyewanim (“Javan”; see Gen. 10:2; 1 Chron. 1:7; Isa. 66:19), refers to Greek-speakers on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Both the Philistines and the Phoenicians are accused of selling slaves to the Edomites (Amos 1:6–9). Slave trade between Tyre and Javan is mentioned in Ezek. 27:13.

ESV

stir them up. Cf. vv. 9, 12. The enslaved (people of Judah) will become the enslavers. Sidon was destroyed by Artaxerxes III in 343 B.C., and resistant Tyre was defeated by Alexander the Great in 332. Sabeans. Most commentators identify this people as inhabitants of the land of Sheba or Saba located in far away southern Arabia (1 Kings 10:1–13; Job 1:15).

ESV

Consecrate. (Cf. 1:14; 2:15.) Warriors were to seek the will of their deity prior to military engagement (e.g., Judg. 20:19–28). Some commentators view this as an ironic statement: the nations are told to consecrate themselves for war, unaware that the Lord of heaven and earth is their adversary (Isa. 8:9–10; Jer. 46:9–10).

ESV

Beat your plowshares into swords. This is the reverse of Isa. 2:4 and Mic. 4:3. The warfare preparation is so comprehensive that implements of agriculture must be transformed into weapons of warfare. the weak. The great need for soldiers means that even those unfit for battle must become warriors.

ESV

sit to judge. The connection between the place (Valley of Jehoshaphat) and the action of the Lord (judgment) is made explicit. The irony of v. 9 is apparent as there is no battle, only the Lord’s verdict upon surrounding nations (v. 11).

ESV

Lack of harvest due to the locusts (1:11) is now a full harvest of the gathered nations cut with a sickle like grain (Isa. 17:4–5; Jer. 9:22; 51:33; Mic. 4:11–12). winepress … vats. The evil of the nations is so great that the vats of judgment are overflowing (Isa. 63:1–6; Rev. 14:14–20). This is an ironic reversal of the promise of Joel 2:24 that the threshing floors and wine vats would be full!

ESV

Multitudes, multitudes is a picture of all the people of the world standing before the Lord for judgment. valley of decision. This is the Valley of Jehoshaphat (vv. 2, 12), where the Lord will be the judge. Only the Lord makes decisions in this valley, and his decree is absolute. the day of the LORD is near. While the day was near for Israel (1:15; 2:1), the Lord’s covenant love and the people’s repentance halted his judgment.

ESV

darkened. See note on 2:10.

ESV

roars … utters his voice. Cf. Amos 1:2. God thunders as he engages the battle (Jer. 25:30–31; Joel 2:11 and note). refuge. Cf. Ps. 73:28; 91:2, 9. stronghold. Cf. Ps. 27:1; 37:39; Isa. 25:4. Amid the cosmic and military confusion, the people of God are held secure and spared destruction.

ESV

you shall know that I am the LORD your God. Judgment and salvation lead to knowledge of the covenant Lord, his presence, and the removal of the people’s shame (see 2:27). Zion (cf. 3:21) is the original stronghold (see note on 2:1); here it denotes the promise of God’s intimate residence among his people (cf. Rev. 21:3). strangers. Those who do not worship the Lord. Jerusalem shall be holy. Where God is present, all is purified and even ordinary deeds become acts of holy worship. Nothing unacceptable is found in a place of such holiness (cf. Isa. 35:8; 52:1; Nah. 1:15; Zech. 14:21).

ESV

in that day. I.e., the day of the Lord (2:2; 3:1). wine … milk … water. (Cf. Amos 9:13.) This and other descriptions of God’s provision (Joel 2:19, 22–26) recall the earlier scarcity (1:5, 9, 12, 16–20). a fountain … from the house of the LORD. Cf. Ezek. 47:1–13; Zech. 14:8; Rev. 22:1–2. Abundant waters extend even to the arid-dwelling acacia trees (Shittim). The location of this “fountain” may be Wadi en-Nar, extending from the Kidron Valley to the Dead Sea.

ESV

The restoration of God’s people (v. 18) is contrasted with the judgment upon the nations (2:19–20; 3:1–3). Egypt and Edom were ancient adversaries representing all of those opposed to the people of God (cf. 1 Kings 14:25–26; 2 Kings 23:29–34; Isa. 34:5–17; Obad. 1–21). Desolation was prophesied against Egypt (Ezek. 29:10, 12; 32:15) and Edom (Ezek. 35:3, 4, 7, 9, 14, 15). shed. The nations “poured out” (Hb. shapak) blood but the Lord will “pour out” (Hb. shapak) his Spirit (Joel 2:28–29).

ESV

The Lord’s residence in Zion (vv. 17, 21) coincides with that of his people living in unending security.

ESV

The first two lines are difficult to interpret; God will either avenge what he has not avenged (esv text), or “acquit” what he has “not acquitted” (esv footnote). The context seems to favor the esv text. their blood. This is a comment on the “innocent blood” of the Judeans in v. 19. The verse brings together the two primary themes of Joel: judgment on the day of the Lord, and the fact that the Lord dwells in Zion (2:27; 3:17).