Joel

1Chapter
1The word of the Lord that came to Joel son of Pethuel:

A Plague of Locusts

2Hear this, you elders; listen, all you inhabitants of the land. Has anything like this ever happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors? 3Tell your children about it, and let your children tell their children, and their children the next generation. 4What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust has eaten; what the swarming locust has left, the young locust has eaten; and what the young locust has left, the destroying locust has eaten.
5Wake up, you drunkards, and weep; wail, all you wine drinkers, because of the sweet wine, for it has been taken from your mouth. 6For a nation has invaded my land, powerful and without number; its teeth are the teeth of a lion, and it has the fangs of a lioness. 7It has devastated my grapevine and splintered my fig tree. It has stripped off its bark and thrown it away; its branches have turned white. 8Grieve like a young woman dressed in sackcloth, mourning for the husband of her youth. 9Grain and drink offerings have been cut off from the house of the Lord; the priests, who are ministers of the Lord, mourn. 10The fields are destroyed; the land grieves; indeed, the grain is destroyed; the new wine is dried up; and the fresh oil fails. 11Be ashamed, you farmers, wail, you vinedressers, over the wheat and the barley, because the harvest of the field has perished. 12The grapevine is dried up, and the fig tree is withered; the pomegranate, the date palm, and the apple — all the trees of the orchard—have withered. Indeed, human joy has dried up.
13Dress in sackcloth and lament, you priests; wail, you ministers of the altar. Come and spend the night in sackcloth, you ministers of my God, because grain and drink offerings are withheld from the house of your God. 14Announce a sacred fast; proclaim a solemn assembly! Gather the elders and all the residents of the land at the house of the Lord your God, and cry out to the Lord.

The Day of the Lord

15Woe because of that day! For the day of the Lord is near and will come as devastation from the Almighty. 16Hasn’t the food been cut off before our eyes, joy and gladness from the house of our God? 17The seeds lie shriveled in their casings. The storehouses are in ruin, and the granaries are broken down, because the grain has withered away. 18How the animals groan! The herds of cattle wander in confusion since they have no pasture. Even the flocks of sheep and goats suffer punishment. 19I call to you, Lord, for fire has consumed the pastures of the wilderness, and flames have devoured all the trees of the orchard. 20Even the wild animals cry out to you, for the river beds are dried up, and fire has consumed the pastures of the wilderness.
2Chapter
1Blow the ram’s horn in Zion; sound the alarm on my holy mountain! Let all the residents of the land tremble, for the day of the Lord is coming; in fact, it is near— 2a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and total darkness, like the dawn spreading over the mountains; a great and strong people appears, such as never existed in ages past and never will again in all the generations to come.
3A fire devours in front of them, and behind them a flame blazes. The land in front of them is like the garden of Eden, but behind them, it is like a desert wasteland; there is no escape from them. 4Their appearance is like that of horses, and they gallop like war horses. 5They bound on the tops of the mountains. Their sound is like the sound of chariots, like the sound of fiery flames consuming stubble, like a mighty army deployed for war.
6Nations writhe in horror before them; all faces turn pale. 7They attack as warriors attack; they scale walls as men of war do. Each goes on his own path, and they do not change their course. 8They do not push each other; each proceeds on his own path. They dodge the arrows, never stopping. 9They storm the city; they run on the wall; they climb into the houses; they enter through the windows like thieves.
10The earth quakes before them; the sky shakes. The sun and moon grow dark, and the stars cease their shining. 11The Lord makes his voice heard in the presence of his army. His camp is very large; those who carry out his command are powerful. Indeed, the day of the Lord is terrible and dreadful — who can endure it?

God’s Call for Repentance

12Even now— this is the Lord’s declaration— turn to me with all your heart, with fasting, weeping, and mourning. 13Tear your hearts, not just your clothes, and return to the Lord your God. For he is gracious and compassionate, slow to anger, abounding in faithful love, and he relents from sending disaster. 14Who knows? He may turn and relent and leave a blessing behind him, so you can offer a grain offering and a drink offering to the Lord your God.
15Blow the ram’s horn in Zion! Announce a sacred fast; proclaim a solemn assembly. 16Gather the people; sanctify the congregation; assemble the aged; gather the infants, even babies nursing at the breast. Let the groom leave his bedroom, and the bride her honeymoon chamber. 17Let the priests, the Lord’s ministers, weep between the portico and the altar. Let them say, “Have pity on your people, Lord, and do not make your inheritance a disgrace, an object of scorn among the nations. Why should it be said among the peoples, ‘Where is their God?’”

God’s Response to His People

18Then the Lord became jealous for his land and spared his people. 19The Lord answered his people: Look, I am about to send you grain, new wine, and fresh oil. You will be satiated with them, and I will no longer make you a disgrace among the nations.
20I will drive the northerner far from you and banish him to a dry and desolate land, his front ranks into the Dead Sea, and his rear guard into the Mediterranean Sea. His stench will rise; yes, his rotten smell will rise, for he has done astonishing things.
21Don’t be afraid, land; rejoice and be glad, for the Lord has done astonishing things. 22Don’t be afraid, wild animals, for the wilderness pastures have turned green, the trees bear their fruit, and the fig tree and grapevine yield their riches. 23Children of Zion, rejoice and be glad in the Lord your God, because he gives you the autumn rain for your vindication. He sends showers for you, both autumn and spring rain as before. 24The threshing floors will be full of grain, and the vats will overflow with new wine and fresh oil.
25I will repay you for the years that the swarming locust ate, the young locust, the destroying locust, and the devouring locust— my great army that I sent against you. 26You will have plenty to eat and be satisfied. You will praise the name of the Lord your God, who has dealt wondrously with you. My people will never again be put to shame. 27You will know that I am present in Israel and that I am the Lord your God, and there is no other. My people will never again be put to shame.

God’s Promise of His Spirit

28After this I will pour out my Spirit on all humanity; then your sons and your daughters will prophesy, your old men will have dreams, and your young men will see visions. 29I will even pour out my Spirit on the male and female slaves in those days. 30I will display wonders in the heavens and on the earth: blood, fire, and columns of smoke. 31The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes. 32Then everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved, for there will be an escape for those on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem, as the Lord promised, among the survivors the Lord calls.
3Chapter

Judgment of the Nations

1Yes, in those days and at that time, when I restore the fortunes of Judah and Jerusalem, 2I will gather all the nations and take them to the Valley of Jehoshaphat. I will enter into judgment with them there because of my people, my inheritance Israel. The nations have scattered the Israelites in foreign countries and divided up my land. 3They cast lots for my people; they bartered a boy for a prostitute and sold a girl for wine to drink.
4And also: Tyre, Sidon, and all the territories of Philistia —what are you to me? Are you paying me back or trying to get even with me? I will quickly bring retribution on your heads. 5For you took my silver and gold and carried my finest treasures to your temples. 6You sold the people of Judah and Jerusalem to the Greeks to remove them far from their own territory. 7Look, I am about to rouse them up from the place where you sold them; I will bring retribution on your heads. 8I will sell your sons and daughters to the people of Judah, and they will sell them to the Sabeans, to a distant nation, for the Lord has spoken. 9Proclaim this among the nations: Prepare for holy war; rouse the warriors; let all the men of war advance and attack! 10Beat your plows into swords and your pruning knives into spears. Let even the weakling say, “I am a warrior.” 11Come quickly, all you surrounding nations; gather yourselves. Bring down your warriors there, Lord.
12Let the nations be roused and come to the Valley of Jehoshaphat, for there I will sit down to judge all the surrounding nations. 13Swing the sickle because the harvest is ripe. Come and trample the grapes because the winepress is full; the wine vats overflow because the wickedness of the nations is extreme.
14Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of the Lord is near in the valley of decision. 15The sun and moon will grow dark, and the stars will cease their shining. 16The Lord will roar from Zion and make his voice heard from Jerusalem; heaven and earth will shake. But the Lord will be a refuge for his people, a stronghold for the Israelites.

Israel Blessed

17Then you will know that I am the Lord your God, who dwells in Zion, my holy mountain. Jerusalem will be holy, and foreigners will never overrun it again. 18In that day the mountains will drip with sweet wine, and the hills will flow with milk. All the streams of Judah will flow with water, and a spring will issue from the Lord’s house, watering the Valley of Acacias. 19Egypt will become desolate, and Edom a desert wasteland, because of the violence done to the people of Judah in whose land they shed innocent blood. 20But Judah will be inhabited forever, and Jerusalem from generation to generation. 21I will pardon their bloodguilt, which I have not pardoned, for the Lord dwells in Zion.
Study
Chapter 2
CSB

RALPH MUNCASTER: Hardcore Skeptic Turned Bible Teacher

Former business executive Ralph Muncaster once described himself as a hardcore atheist. Ralph claimed to have attended approximately 1,456 hours of Sunday School and yet was never convinced that God exists. In his words, “I once held a very strong belief in evolution, because that’s what I was taught in school. Realizing that there was only one ‘origin’ of the universe and that ‘God’ is by definition that Originator, I understood that both God and evolution could not be possible. I even challenged Christians by pointing to ‘evidence’ regarding evolution.”

What changed his mind? “A colleague challenged me to prove the Bible untrue. Pride forced me to ‘match wits’ with him and I accepted the challenge, fully expecting to disprove the Bible. When it checked out historically and the manuscript proved reliable, I dug into creation, evolution and historical prophecy. My life was changed forever as in-depth research indicated that God exists and he is the God of the Bible.”

Ralph now shares his findings worldwide with other skeptics. He has shared his faith before Muslims in a California mosque, addressed NASA scientists on the scientific accuracy of the Bible, and consulted with business leaders about the interactions between faith and work. Wherever God leads, Ralph notes that the evidence is on the side of the Bible. Some may not believe, but that does not mean your message is untrue. Who knows? Someday you might run into a hardcore skeptic who will investigate your message and come to faith, just like Ralph Muncaster. (Adapted from an online interview.)

ESV

The Mercy of the Lord and Judgment against the Nations. The second part of Joel is signaled by the appearance in 2:18 of the Hebrew narrative tense for the first time in the book.

CSB

Pronouncements about the day of the Lord often speak of its imminence—it will come soon, it is impending. Three times Joel declared that the day of the Lord was “near” (v. 1; 1:15; 3:14), and most of the other prophets who referred to the day of the Lord also spoke of it as “near” (Is 13:6; Ezk 30:3; Ob 15; Zph 1:7,14). Zephaniah added that the day was “rapidly approaching”(Zph 1:14). Since well more than two millennia have passed since these prophets wrote, it may seem strange that they used such an expression for an event that is yet to occur.

Christian interpreters who have pondered this biblical phenomenon have arrived at different explanations for it. One consideration is that, because the prophets who spoke of the imminence of the day were themselves widely separated in time (spanning a period of 350 years or more), they did not mean that it would have to arrive within a few years. Their unified witness to the coming of the day speaks not of its timing but of its certainty and of the foreboding associated with it. The devastating judgment could come at any time; this urgency was what they sought to convey.

The tension between the imminence and delay of the day of the Lord is a question taken up in the NT. Peter pointed out that God’s timing may differ from human expectations and that a delay in his timetable for judgment is due to his grace. He wants to afford every possible opportunity for people to repent before bringing the judgment (2Pt 3:8-10).

ESV

Army Invasion: The Arrival of the Day of the Lord. Joel describes the coming of an army, whose arrival may yet be averted by wholehearted return to the Lord. Verses 1–11 describe the coming of this great army, and vv. 12–17 describe the command to return to the Lord.

ESV

Zion is the place of the Lord’s throne. The word generally refers to the temple region but could also signify Jerusalem in its entirety.

ESV

Darkness recalls the Lord’s appearance at Sinai (Ex. 19:16–19; Deut. 4:11; 5:22–23). God’s appearance at Sinai foreshadows his “day” in the future (Amos 5:18–20; Zeph. 1:14–15).

ESV

Fire devours … flame burns. In keeping with biblical imagery regarding God’s coming (Ps. 50:3; 97:3; Isa. 30:27; 66:15), the army is associated with destructive fire (see Joel 1:19). like the garden of Eden … a desolate wilderness. The destructive power of this “great … people” (Hb. ‘am rab, 2:2) can only be compared to the devastation wrought to God’s original creation by mankind’s fall (Gen. 2:8, 10; 3:17–19; 13:10).

ESV

like … horses. (Cf. Job 39:19–20; Jer. 51:27.) Locusts and armies have an analogous appearance, movement, and sound; both are used by Joel to capture the presence of the ultimate powerful army (lit., “mighty people” [Hb. ‘am ‘atsum]).

ESV

they do not swerve. … They do not jostle. This army cannot be thwarted from its assigned course as every member of the unified ranks advances. It executes its actions (leap, run, climb, enter) at will, moving from outside to inside (city, walls, houses, windows).

ESV

before them (lit., “before him”; as in vv. 3, 6). quakes … tremble. … darkened. Only the day of the Lord could produce this “cosmic shakedown.” In many cases in the Prophets, the Hebrew verb ra‘ash (here translated “tremble”) was associated with the end of the age, the return of chaos, and God’s final judgment (Isa. 13:13; 24:18; Jer. 4:23–24; Amos 8:8–9; Nah. 1:5; Hag. 2:6, 21).

ESV

utters his voice. Thunder is associated with the cosmic events of v. 10 (cf. Job 37:4; Ps. 18:13; 77:17; Jer. 10:13). his army. The force that brings such dread and terror is under God’s command. he who executes. The parallelism suggests that “he” refers to the army as executor of the Lord’s command (cf. Ezek. 9:1–11).

ESV

Yet even now … return. There is still time for the people to return to the Lord, that is, to repent of their coldness toward him. all your heart. God calls for undivided devotion.

ESV

Rend your hearts is an expression of internal anguish. This command, coupled with the wholehearted devotion prescribed in v. 12, echoes Deut. 30:6, where a circumcised heart is one that loves God completely. gracious and merciful. God’s unchanging character, described throughout Scripture, is the grounds for his people’s repentance (cf. Ex. 34:6–7).

ESV

Who knows. The sovereign God acts according to his own purposes. turn and relent. The language leaves open the possibility that the Lord, in keeping with his revealed character (cf. Jonah 3:9; 4:2), will bring blessing instead of disaster.

ESV

Consecrate the congregation. As in 1:14, every segment of the religious community assembles for worship, readying themselves to call upon the Lord with a fast (2:15). Even nursing infants, i.e., children still being breast-fed, and newlyweds are not exempt.

ESV

The place of prayer was between the entrance hall to the temple (the vestibule or portico) and the altar. Your people is an appeal to God’s covenantal care for his people. A byword means a “proverb” or “common saying,” often used in scorn. An alternative translation is “to rule over them” (see esv footnote), which makes sense if a foreign, human invasion is in view. Where is their God? is a mocking question from those who doubt that God defends his people (Ps. 79:10; 115:2).

CSB

The Lord responded to the people’s repentance, spared the land, and promised a new era of prosperity. After speaking of the “great army” of destruction that the Lord had sent against Judah (v. 25), Joel turned to his promise of restoration (see 3:1). Many of the Minor Prophets stress that the Lord personally brings disaster for the purpose of punishment or judgment (2:25; Hs 5:14; Am 1:4; Mc 1:12; Nah 1:2; Zph 1:17; Hg 2:17; Zch 8:10). In the prophetic worldview, God is ultimately behind everything that takes place, orchestrating the course of history even when injustice is seemingly allowed to prevail.

As objectionable as such a view of history may appear to people with a modern Western worldview, the Bible clearly presents it. But lest that understanding of history be thought to attribute injustice to God, the Bible also recognizes more immediate causes for things that happen. Such immediate causes could be the natural operating conditions of global life (severe weather, earth tremors, the cycles of living creatures such as locusts) with which God would not interfere without disrupting the stability of his creation. Or they might be the cultural effects of human disregard of God’s directives for conduct and worship (e.g., social disintegration and inequality, violence, crime, international conflict). For Joel, both of these immediate causes combined to present a foretaste of divine judgment, which only God’s gracious purpose in the ultimate establishment of his kingdom can override.

ESV

Mercy: The Lord Responds by Restoring His People. The Lord answers the prayer of v. 17. He restores the reputation of his people (vv. 18–20), the land (vv. 21–27), and his presence through pouring out the Spirit (vv. 28–32). Much of this unit is spoken by the Lord himself in the first person.

ESV

jealous. Jealousy here is a deep devotion that leads the Lord to intervene, saving his people for the sake of his own glory (Ezek. 39:25; Zech. 1:14; 8:2).

ESV

answered. The Lord hears the prayers of his people.

ESV

The northerner may be the locusts, an invading army, or a final apocalyptic enemy of Israel. Arguments for the third option include: (1) reference to locusts as the “northerner” would be unusual, as they typically came from the south or the east; (2) Jeremiah and Ezekiel portray a great enemy coming from the north (see Jer. 1:14–15; 4:6; 6:1, 22–23; Ezek. 23:24; 26:7; 38:6, 15; 39:2); and (3) the words vanguard … rear guard (lit., “his face” and “his end”) show that destruction is complete and final. eastern sea … western sea. The Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.

ESV

Ironically, the “foul smell” (v. 20) of corpses is all that remains of the great deeds of this enemy (Isa. 34:3). This contrasts with the great things done by the Lord, whose acts of salvation form the basis of the command to fear not.

ESV

are green. The underlying Hebrew verb (dasha’) is found elsewhere in Scripture only at Gen. 1:11. Perhaps Joel wants his readers to envisage the restoration of the land to an Eden-like state (see Joel 2:3).

ESV

early rain (Hb. hammoreh) … vindication (Hb. litsdaqah). The clause by itself can also be understood as “the teacher [Hb. hammoreh] for righteousness,” a figure mentioned in the Qumran Scrolls of the Dead Sea. But the word moreh in the final line of the verse clearly means “early rain,” and thus the context supports the esv translation.

ESV

Being human often means bearing loss never to be regained (the years that the swarming locust has eaten), and yet the Lord, the bringer of the calamity (Ps. 90:15), is also the Lord of mercy and abundant grace who is fully able to recompense: I will restore to you. On “locust,” see Joel 1:4. my great army … I sent. As at 2:11 and elsewhere (e.g., Amos 4:6–13), those whom the Lord uses to judge his people are under his authority.

ESV

You shall know. The great purpose of the nation’s trauma is for them to know God’s presence, that he is the covenant-keeping God, and that he will remove their shame. I am the LORD your God is a recognition of God’s covenantal bond with Israel (Ex. 6:7; Deut. 5:6; Isa. 43:3; Ezek. 20:5). The perpetual removal of shame unites God’s provision (Joel 2:26) with his presence and peerless nature (v. 27).

ESV

Some past Jewish interpreters understood this passage to be referring to the messianic age. The early church followed this line of thinking, as Peter quoted this passage on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:17–21).

ESV

Afterward refers to a time after the assurances of vv. 18–27 and a time that is parallel with in those days (v. 29). pour out my Spirit. The abundant, life-giving rains (v. 23), which God will shower on his people, illustrate the way in which God will pour out his Spirit on his people in the future (cf. Isa. 32:15; 44:3; Ezek. 39:29). all flesh. All God’s people will experience the outpouring of the Spirit and intimate communication with the Lord. The sign of this outpouring will be that not just a few but all (sons and … daughters, old … and … young, male and female) will prophesy and dream dreams and see visions.

ESV

Universal wonders related to the day of the Lord are war-like activities on earth (fire … columns of smoke) and unnatural events in the sky (darkness, see 2:10; 3:15; Isa. 13:10; Amos 8:9). Some interpreters hold that these events of judgment, which did not take place at Pentecost (see notes on Acts 2:17; 2:19–21), will still take place sometime in the future, at the return of Christ. These interpreters hold that OT prophecies should often be understood in terms of both a near-term and a long-term fulfillment—with some long-term events being fulfilled when Jesus brought the good news of salvation at his first coming, but with other long-term events being fulfilled when he will return in judgment at his second coming. Other interpreters hold that the language used here should be understood as prophetic symbolism for God’s judgment, and that no specific literal fulfillment is intended.

ESV

everyone. Salvation is extended beyond the devastation caused by the locusts. calls on the name. This implies exclusive, covenantal worship of the only God who is able to save (Ps. 116:4; Prov. 18:10; Isa. 44:5–8). Paul quotes this in Rom. 10:13 because he, along with other Christians, understood these verses to describe events in the messianic age, when Jews and Gentiles alike would be saved. The words as the LORD has said may refer to Isa. 4:3; Joel 2:27; or Obad. 17. Those who escape are parallel to survivors … whom the LORD calls. Those whom the Lord calls are those who respond by calling on his name (Gen. 12:8; 13:4; Isa. 51:2).