Joel

1Chapter
1The word of the Lord that came to Joel son of Pethuel:

A Plague of Locusts

2Hear this, you elders; listen, all you inhabitants of the land. Has anything like this ever happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors? 3Tell your children about it, and let your children tell their children, and their children the next generation. 4What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust has eaten; what the swarming locust has left, the young locust has eaten; and what the young locust has left, the destroying locust has eaten.
5Wake up, you drunkards, and weep; wail, all you wine drinkers, because of the sweet wine, for it has been taken from your mouth. 6For a nation has invaded my land, powerful and without number; its teeth are the teeth of a lion, and it has the fangs of a lioness. 7It has devastated my grapevine and splintered my fig tree. It has stripped off its bark and thrown it away; its branches have turned white. 8Grieve like a young woman dressed in sackcloth, mourning for the husband of her youth. 9Grain and drink offerings have been cut off from the house of the Lord; the priests, who are ministers of the Lord, mourn. 10The fields are destroyed; the land grieves; indeed, the grain is destroyed; the new wine is dried up; and the fresh oil fails. 11Be ashamed, you farmers, wail, you vinedressers, over the wheat and the barley, because the harvest of the field has perished. 12The grapevine is dried up, and the fig tree is withered; the pomegranate, the date palm, and the apple — all the trees of the orchard—have withered. Indeed, human joy has dried up.
13Dress in sackcloth and lament, you priests; wail, you ministers of the altar. Come and spend the night in sackcloth, you ministers of my God, because grain and drink offerings are withheld from the house of your God. 14Announce a sacred fast; proclaim a solemn assembly! Gather the elders and all the residents of the land at the house of the Lord your God, and cry out to the Lord.

The Day of the Lord

15Woe because of that day! For the day of the Lord is near and will come as devastation from the Almighty. 16Hasn’t the food been cut off before our eyes, joy and gladness from the house of our God? 17The seeds lie shriveled in their casings. The storehouses are in ruin, and the granaries are broken down, because the grain has withered away. 18How the animals groan! The herds of cattle wander in confusion since they have no pasture. Even the flocks of sheep and goats suffer punishment. 19I call to you, Lord, for fire has consumed the pastures of the wilderness, and flames have devoured all the trees of the orchard. 20Even the wild animals cry out to you, for the river beds are dried up, and fire has consumed the pastures of the wilderness.
2Chapter
1Blow the ram’s horn in Zion; sound the alarm on my holy mountain! Let all the residents of the land tremble, for the day of the Lord is coming; in fact, it is near— 2a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and total darkness, like the dawn spreading over the mountains; a great and strong people appears, such as never existed in ages past and never will again in all the generations to come.
3A fire devours in front of them, and behind them a flame blazes. The land in front of them is like the garden of Eden, but behind them, it is like a desert wasteland; there is no escape from them. 4Their appearance is like that of horses, and they gallop like war horses. 5They bound on the tops of the mountains. Their sound is like the sound of chariots, like the sound of fiery flames consuming stubble, like a mighty army deployed for war.
6Nations writhe in horror before them; all faces turn pale. 7They attack as warriors attack; they scale walls as men of war do. Each goes on his own path, and they do not change their course. 8They do not push each other; each proceeds on his own path. They dodge the arrows, never stopping. 9They storm the city; they run on the wall; they climb into the houses; they enter through the windows like thieves.
10The earth quakes before them; the sky shakes. The sun and moon grow dark, and the stars cease their shining. 11The Lord makes his voice heard in the presence of his army. His camp is very large; those who carry out his command are powerful. Indeed, the day of the Lord is terrible and dreadful — who can endure it?

God’s Call for Repentance

12Even now— this is the Lord’s declaration— turn to me with all your heart, with fasting, weeping, and mourning. 13Tear your hearts, not just your clothes, and return to the Lord your God. For he is gracious and compassionate, slow to anger, abounding in faithful love, and he relents from sending disaster. 14Who knows? He may turn and relent and leave a blessing behind him, so you can offer a grain offering and a drink offering to the Lord your God.
15Blow the ram’s horn in Zion! Announce a sacred fast; proclaim a solemn assembly. 16Gather the people; sanctify the congregation; assemble the aged; gather the infants, even babies nursing at the breast. Let the groom leave his bedroom, and the bride her honeymoon chamber. 17Let the priests, the Lord’s ministers, weep between the portico and the altar. Let them say, “Have pity on your people, Lord, and do not make your inheritance a disgrace, an object of scorn among the nations. Why should it be said among the peoples, ‘Where is their God?’”

God’s Response to His People

18Then the Lord became jealous for his land and spared his people. 19The Lord answered his people: Look, I am about to send you grain, new wine, and fresh oil. You will be satiated with them, and I will no longer make you a disgrace among the nations.
20I will drive the northerner far from you and banish him to a dry and desolate land, his front ranks into the Dead Sea, and his rear guard into the Mediterranean Sea. His stench will rise; yes, his rotten smell will rise, for he has done astonishing things.
21Don’t be afraid, land; rejoice and be glad, for the Lord has done astonishing things. 22Don’t be afraid, wild animals, for the wilderness pastures have turned green, the trees bear their fruit, and the fig tree and grapevine yield their riches. 23Children of Zion, rejoice and be glad in the Lord your God, because he gives you the autumn rain for your vindication. He sends showers for you, both autumn and spring rain as before. 24The threshing floors will be full of grain, and the vats will overflow with new wine and fresh oil.
25I will repay you for the years that the swarming locust ate, the young locust, the destroying locust, and the devouring locust— my great army that I sent against you. 26You will have plenty to eat and be satisfied. You will praise the name of the Lord your God, who has dealt wondrously with you. My people will never again be put to shame. 27You will know that I am present in Israel and that I am the Lord your God, and there is no other. My people will never again be put to shame.

God’s Promise of His Spirit

28After this I will pour out my Spirit on all humanity; then your sons and your daughters will prophesy, your old men will have dreams, and your young men will see visions. 29I will even pour out my Spirit on the male and female slaves in those days. 30I will display wonders in the heavens and on the earth: blood, fire, and columns of smoke. 31The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes. 32Then everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved, for there will be an escape for those on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem, as the Lord promised, among the survivors the Lord calls.
3Chapter

Judgment of the Nations

1Yes, in those days and at that time, when I restore the fortunes of Judah and Jerusalem, 2I will gather all the nations and take them to the Valley of Jehoshaphat. I will enter into judgment with them there because of my people, my inheritance Israel. The nations have scattered the Israelites in foreign countries and divided up my land. 3They cast lots for my people; they bartered a boy for a prostitute and sold a girl for wine to drink.
4And also: Tyre, Sidon, and all the territories of Philistia —what are you to me? Are you paying me back or trying to get even with me? I will quickly bring retribution on your heads. 5For you took my silver and gold and carried my finest treasures to your temples. 6You sold the people of Judah and Jerusalem to the Greeks to remove them far from their own territory. 7Look, I am about to rouse them up from the place where you sold them; I will bring retribution on your heads. 8I will sell your sons and daughters to the people of Judah, and they will sell them to the Sabeans, to a distant nation, for the Lord has spoken. 9Proclaim this among the nations: Prepare for holy war; rouse the warriors; let all the men of war advance and attack! 10Beat your plows into swords and your pruning knives into spears. Let even the weakling say, “I am a warrior.” 11Come quickly, all you surrounding nations; gather yourselves. Bring down your warriors there, Lord.
12Let the nations be roused and come to the Valley of Jehoshaphat, for there I will sit down to judge all the surrounding nations. 13Swing the sickle because the harvest is ripe. Come and trample the grapes because the winepress is full; the wine vats overflow because the wickedness of the nations is extreme.
14Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of the Lord is near in the valley of decision. 15The sun and moon will grow dark, and the stars will cease their shining. 16The Lord will roar from Zion and make his voice heard from Jerusalem; heaven and earth will shake. But the Lord will be a refuge for his people, a stronghold for the Israelites.

Israel Blessed

17Then you will know that I am the Lord your God, who dwells in Zion, my holy mountain. Jerusalem will be holy, and foreigners will never overrun it again. 18In that day the mountains will drip with sweet wine, and the hills will flow with milk. All the streams of Judah will flow with water, and a spring will issue from the Lord’s house, watering the Valley of Acacias. 19Egypt will become desolate, and Edom a desert wasteland, because of the violence done to the people of Judah in whose land they shed innocent blood. 20But Judah will be inhabited forever, and Jerusalem from generation to generation. 21I will pardon their bloodguilt, which I have not pardoned, for the Lord dwells in Zion.
Study
Chapter 1
ESV

The Judgment against Judah and the Day of the Lord. This first part of Joel introduces the Lord’s judgment in the form of a locust infestation, drought, and the coming of a great army. These events on the “day of the LORD” are followed by a call to seek the Lord.

ESV

Locust Invasion: Forerunner of the Day of the Lord. The first unit (vv. 1–14) describes the devastation that has come upon Judah, providing the reason for the call to lament in the second unit (vv. 15–20).

ESV

The word … came to. (See Hos. 1:1; Jonah 1:1; Mic. 1:1; Zeph. 1:1; Zech. 1:1.) This message has a divine source, and the prophet is given the privilege and responsibility of bearing that message to his hearers.

ESV

Elders (see v. 14; 2:16) likely refers to older members of the community rather than a formal office (cf. 2:28; but see also note on 1 Sam. 4:3). Commands are imparted to a wide range of groups (elders, drunkards, priests, farmers) within the community. Verses 2 and 14 of Joel 1 set limits for the first subsection (vv. 2–14) as each mentions “elders” and all inhabitants.

ESV

Tell your children. The people of Judah should recount this to four generations (cf. Ex. 10:1–2, 4–6). The telling of the Lord’s great deeds and words occurs in the context of the covenant community (Ex. 13:8, 14; Deut. 4:9; 6:4–7, 20–21; Ps. 78:4–6).

ESV

The locust is a kind of grasshopper; under the right conditions they travel in large swarms and devastate all plant life in their path. cutting … swarming … hopping … destroying. Joel likely uses these terms as names for one kind of locust (perhaps in successive swarms), rather than four different types, in order to emphasize the totality of destruction (note the different sequence in 2:25). The Bible often uses four agents of destruction to stress utter devastation (cf. Jer. 15:2–3; Ezek. 14:21; Rev. 6:1–8; 9:15).

ESV

drunkards, drinkers of wine. Both groups, unaware of the coming chaos, must be aroused from their ignorance. They will have no sweet wine to drink when the locusts lay waste to the vines. Sweet wine was intoxicating, though its shorter fermentation time made it less so than wine fermented for a longer period.

ESV

Locusts are compared to a nation, equivalent to a great army (cf. Prov. 30:27; Jer. 5:15–17; Joel 2:25; Rev. 9:7). Armies are compared to locusts elsewhere in the OT (Judg. 6:5; 7:12; Isa. 33:4; Jer. 46:23; 51:14, 27) and other ancient Near Eastern texts.

ESV

The vine and fig tree are symbols of a prosperous and peaceful life for Israel (2 Kings 18:31; Mic. 4:4), which the Lord sees as his property. With the destruction of vine and fig tree, the validity of the “lions’ teeth” metaphor (Joel 1:6) becomes clear.

ESV

bridegroom of her youth. Or, “husband of her youth.” The people are called to a grief as deep as that of a betrothed virgin whose promised husband dies before the marriage is consummated. sackcloth. A garment of goat or camel hair worn during times of mourning, repentance, or fasting.

ESV

offering. Nothing is left for the offerings that accompany the daily burnt offering (Ex. 29:38–42; Lev. 23:13). priests mourn. Their loss is personal since they ate a portion of the offering.

ESV

ground mourns … oil languishes. Joel poetically personifies these things as experiencing grief. The presence of grain, wine, and oil is evidence of God’s covenant blessing (Deut. 7:13; 11:14; Joel 2:19, 24), and their absence is evidence of God’s judgment (Deut. 28:49–51; Hos. 2:8–9).

ESV

Be ashamed (Hb. hobishu) sounds like dries up (Hb. hobish, used to say that “wine dries up” in v. 10 and “gladness dries up” in v. 12; also Hb. hobishah, used to say the “vine dries up” in v. 12). The loss of harvest means a loss of joy.

ESV

This is the peak of this section, filled with specific commands to priests. The commands to put on and lament mimic the actions of the virgin (v. 8). The reason for the priests’ lament is that the offering is withheld.

ESV

Consecrate and gather are further tasks for the priests. a fast … cry out. OT fasts are undertaken as a sign of mourning, repentance, humility, and as a means of seeking God’s help, guidance, or forgiveness (Judg. 20:26; 1 Sam. 7:6; 2 Sam. 1:12; Ezra 8:21–23; Neh. 1:4; 9:1; Dan. 9:3).

CSB

Joel had a terrifying view of what he called “the day of the LORD.” He used terms like “Woe!” and “great and terrible” (2:31) to describe it. The expression “day of the LORD” is known from other prophets. Amos may have been the first to use it. He spoke of a time that the Israelites longed for without realizing its negative consequences for them. Apparently they thought it would be a time of “light” and “brightness,” whereas actually it was to be “darkness” and “gloom” (see note on Am 5:18-24). Both Joel and Amos mention a time of restoration after a period of judgment (Jl 3; Am 9), so that some will be saved from God’s wrath. Joel emphasized the salvation aspect with his proclamation that “everyone who calls on the name of LORD will be saved” (2:32).

For Joel the locust plague was so severe that he compared it to the coming day of the Lord. Only complete repentance on the part of the people could give the nation any hope that the Lord might turn back from the judgment it represented. The plague could bring about a destruction that, for all practical purposes, would seem like the final judgment.

ESV

These verses, forming the second unit of vv. 1–20, comprise the content of the communal “cry” mentioned in v. 14.

ESV

The day of the LORD (see Introduction: Key Themes) is a major theme in Joel; it can refer both to the particular devastation of the locusts (v. 15) and to a final vindication of God and his people (3:18–21). It can refer to a day of destruction and threat for Israel (2:1, 11), or for the nations (3:14). However, for God’s people, it is also associated with his presence (2:27), blessing (3:18), and salvation (2:31–32; 3:16). For more on “the day of the Lord,” see note on Amos 5:18–20; and The Day of the Lord in the Prophets. destruction … Almighty. Joel uses an alliteration with the Hebrew words shod … Shadday (see esv footnote), which suggests that the wordplay implies something like “destruction of the Destroyer.”

ESV

seed shrivels … clods. These three words occur only here in the Masoretic text, and thus their precise meaning is uncertain (see esv footnote). Nevertheless, it is clear from what follows that a drought has also come upon the land (v. 20).

ESV

the flocks of sheep suffer. The Hebrew for “suffer” is ’asham, and here it means “to suffer punishment” or “to bear guilt.” The idea would be that creation suffers for Israel’s guilt. It is also possible to read this as a form of shamem, “to be desolate” (see esv footnote).

ESV

To you, O LORD, I call (2:32; Ps. 28:1; 30:8). The devastation brought by the Lord can be relieved only by him. Fire is sometimes an expression of divine judgment (Gen. 19:24; Num. 11:1; Deut. 32:22; Jer. 4:4; Hos. 8:14; Amos 1:4, 7, 10, 12, 14; Zeph. 1:18; 3:8).