1 Peter

1Chapter

Greeting

1Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ: To those chosen, living as exiles dispersed abroad in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, chosen 2according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through the sanctifying work of the Spirit, to be obedient and to be sprinkled with the blood of Jesus Christ. May grace and peace be multiplied to you.

A Living Hope

3Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. Because of his great mercy he has given us new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead 4and into an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you. 5You are being guarded by God’s power through faith for a salvation that is ready to be revealed in the last time. 6You rejoice in this, even though now for a short time, if necessary, you suffer grief in various trials 7so that the proven character of your faith —more valuable than gold which, though perishable, is refined by fire —may result in praise, glory, and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ. 8Though you have not seen him, you love him; though not seeing him now, you believe in him, and you rejoice with inexpressible and glorious joy, 9because you are receiving the goal of your faith, the salvation of your souls.
10Concerning this salvation, the prophets, who prophesied about the grace that would come to you, searched and carefully investigated. 11They inquired into what time or what circumstances the Spirit of Christ within them was indicating when he testified in advance to the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow. 12It was revealed to them that they were not serving themselves but you. These things have now been announced to you through those who preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven —angels long to catch a glimpse of these things.

A Call to Holy Living

13Therefore, with your minds ready for action, be sober-minded and set your hope completely on the grace to be brought to you at the revelation of Jesus Christ. 14As obedient children, do not be conformed to the desires of your former ignorance. 15But as the one who called you is holy, you also are to be holy in all your conduct; 16for it is written, Be holy, because I am holy. 17If you appeal to the Father who judges impartially according to each one’s work, you are to conduct yourselves in reverence during your time living as strangers. 18For you know that you were redeemed from your empty way of life inherited from your ancestors, not with perishable things like silver or gold, 19but with the precious blood of Christ, like that of an unblemished and spotless lamb. 20He was foreknown before the foundation of the world but was revealed in these last times for you. 21Through him you believe in God, who raised him from the dead and gave him glory, so that your faith and hope are in God.
22Since you have purified yourselves by your obedience to the truth, so that you show sincere brotherly love for each other, from a pure heart love one another constantly, 23because you have been born again —not of perishable seed but of imperishable—through the living and enduring word of God. 24For All flesh is like grass, and all its glory like a flower of the grass. The grass withers, and the flower falls, 25but the word of the Lord endures forever. And this word is the gospel that was proclaimed to you.
2Chapter

The Living Stone and a Holy People

1Therefore, rid yourselves of all malice, all deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and all slander. 2Like newborn infants, desire the pure milk of the word, so that by it you may grow up into your salvation, 3if you have tasted that the Lord is good. 4As you come to him, a living stone—rejected by people but chosen and honored by God— 5you yourselves, as living stones, a spiritual house, are being built to be a holy priesthood to offer spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. 6For it stands in Scripture: See, I lay a stone in Zion, a chosen and honored cornerstone, and the one who believes in him will never be put to shame.
7So honor will come to you who believe; but for the unbelieving, The stone that the builders rejected— this one has become the cornerstone,
8and A stone to stumble over, and a rock to trip over. They stumble because they disobey the word; they were destined for this.
9But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his possession, so that you may proclaim the praises of the one who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. 10Once you were not a people, but now you are God’s people; you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.

A Call to Good Works

11Dear friends, I urge you as strangers and exiles to abstain from sinful desires that wage war against the soul. 12Conduct yourselves honorably among the Gentiles, so that when they slander you as evildoers, they will observe your good works and will glorify God on the day he visits.
13Submit to every human authority because of the Lord, whether to the emperor as the supreme authority 14or to governors as those sent out by him to punish those who do what is evil and to praise those who do what is good. 15For it is God’s will that you silence the ignorance of foolish people by doing good. 16Submit as free people, not using your freedom as a cover-up for evil, but as God’s slaves. 17Honor everyone. Love the brothers and sisters. Fear God. Honor the emperor.

Submission of Slaves to Masters

18Household slaves, submit to your masters with all reverence not only to the good and gentle ones but also to the cruel. 19For it brings favor if, because of a consciousness of God, someone endures grief from suffering unjustly. 20For what credit is there if when you do wrong and are beaten, you endure it? But when you do what is good and suffer, if you endure it, this brings favor with God.
21For you were called to this, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, that you should follow in his steps. 22He did not commit sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth; 23when he was insulted, he did not insult in return; when he suffered, he did not threaten but entrusted himself to the one who judges justly. 24He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree; so that, having died to sins, we might live for righteousness. By his wounds you have been healed. 25For you were like sheep going astray, but you have now returned to the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls.
3Chapter

Wives and Husbands

1In the same way, wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands so that, even if some disobey the word, they may be won over without a word by the way their wives live 2when they observe your pure, reverent lives. 3Don’t let your beauty consist of outward things like elaborate hairstyles and wearing gold jewelry or fine clothes, 4but rather what is inside the heart —the imperishable quality of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 5For in the past, the holy women who put their hope in God also adorned themselves in this way, submitting to their own husbands, 6just as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord. You have become her children when you do what is good and do not fear any intimidation.
7Husbands, in the same way, live with your wives in an understanding way, as with a weaker partner, showing them honor as coheirs of the grace of life, so that your prayers will not be hindered.

Do No Evil

8Finally, all of you be like-minded and sympathetic, love one another, and be compassionate and humble, 9not paying back evil for evil or insult for insult but, on the contrary, giving a blessing, since you were called for this, so that you may inherit a blessing.
10For the one who wants to love life and to see good days, let him keep his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit, 11and let him turn away from evil and do what is good. Let him seek peace and pursue it, 12because the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous and his ears are open to their prayer. But the face of the Lord is against those who do what is evil.

Undeserved Suffering

13Who then will harm you if you are devoted to what is good? 14But even if you should suffer for righteousness, you are blessed. Do not fear them or be intimidated, 15but in your hearts regard Christ the Lord as holy, ready at any time to give a defense to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in you. 16Yet do this with gentleness and reverence, keeping a clear conscience, so that when you are accused, those who disparage your good conduct in Christ will be put to shame. 17For it is better to suffer for doing good, if that should be God’s will, than for doing evil.
18For Christ also suffered for sins once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring you to God. He was put to death in the flesh but made alive by the Spirit, 19in which he also went and made proclamation to the spirits in prison 20who in the past were disobedient, when God patiently waited in the days of Noah while the ark was being prepared. In it a few—that is, eight people —were saved through water. 21Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you (not as the removal of dirt from the body, but the pledge of a good conscience toward God) through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, 22who has gone into heaven and is at the right hand of God with angels, authorities, and powers subject to him.
4Chapter

Following Christ

1Therefore, since Christ suffered in the flesh, arm yourselves also with the same understanding —because the one who suffers in the flesh is finished with sin — 2in order to live the remaining time in the flesh no longer for human desires, but for God’s will. 3For there has already been enough time spent in doing what the Gentiles choose to do: carrying on in unrestrained behavior, evil desires, drunkenness, orgies, carousing, and lawless idolatry. 4They are surprised that you don’t join them in the same flood of wild living—and they slander you. 5They will give an account to the one who stands ready to judge the living and the dead. 6For this reason the gospel was also preached to those who are now dead, so that, although they might be judged in the flesh according to human standards, they might live in the spirit according to God’s standards.

End-Time Ethics

7The end of all things is near; therefore, be alert and sober-minded for prayer. 8Above all, maintain constant love for one another, since love covers a multitude of sins. 9Be hospitable to one another without complaining. 10Just as each one has received a gift, use it to serve others, as good stewards of the varied grace of God. 11If anyone speaks, let it be as one who speaks God’s words; if anyone serves, let it be from the strength God provides, so that God may be glorified through Jesus Christ in everything. To him be the glory and the power forever and ever. Amen.

Christian Suffering

12Dear friends, don’t be surprised when the fiery ordeal comes among you to test you, as if something unusual were happening to you. 13Instead, rejoice as you share in the sufferings of Christ, so that you may also rejoice with great joy when his glory is revealed. 14If you are ridiculed for the name of Christ, you are blessed, because the Spirit of glory and of God rests on you. 15Let none of you suffer as a murderer, a thief, an evildoer, or a meddler. 16But if anyone suffers as a Christian, let him not be ashamed but let him glorify God in having that name. 17For the time has come for judgment to begin with God’s household, and if it begins with us, what will the outcome be for those who disobey the gospel of God?
18And if a righteous person is saved with difficulty, what will become of the ungodly and the sinner?
19So then, let those who suffer according to God’s will entrust themselves to a faithful Creator while doing what is good.
5Chapter

About the Elders

1I exhort the elders among you as a fellow elder and witness to the sufferings of Christ, as well as one who shares in the glory about to be revealed: 2Shepherd God’s flock among you, not overseeing out of compulsion but willingly, as God would have you; not out of greed for money but eagerly; 3not lording it over those entrusted to you, but being examples to the flock. 4And when the chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the unfading crown of glory. 5In the same way, you who are younger, be subject to the elders. All of you clothe yourselves with humility toward one another, because God resists the proud but gives grace to the humble.

Conclusion

6Humble yourselves, therefore, under the mighty hand of God, so that he may exalt you at the proper time, 7casting all your cares on him, because he cares about you. 8Be sober-minded, be alert. Your adversary the devil is prowling around like a roaring lion, looking for anyone he can devour. 9Resist him, firm in the faith, knowing that the same kind of sufferings are being experienced by your fellow believers throughout the world.
10The God of all grace, who called you to his eternal glory in Christ, will himself restore, establish, strengthen, and support you after you have suffered a little while. 11To him be dominion forever. Amen.
12Through Silvanus, a faithful brother (as I consider him), I have written to you briefly in order to encourage you and to testify that this is the true grace of God. Stand firm in it! 13She who is in Babylon, chosen together with you, sends you greetings, as does Mark, my son. 14Greet one another with a kiss of love. Peace to all of you who are in Christ.
Study
Chapter 1
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Called to Salvation as Exiles. Those who have trusted in Christ are to praise God for his promised salvation and live out that salvation in their daily lives.

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Living as the New People of God. Since Christians have been given new life by the Word of God, they are to love one another fervently (1:22–25). They are to long for God’s Word so that they will continue to grow in faith (2:1–3). They are like living stones which together build up a spiritual house, with Jesus as the cornerstone (2:4–8). Believers are chosen by God to be his people (2:9–10).

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Opening. Peter identifies himself as the author. The geographical location of the recipients is indicated (see Introduction: Purpose, Occasion, and Background), and they are greeted with “grace” and “peace.” The introduction is theologically weighty, for the readers are identified as “elect exiles” and the salvation accomplished is attributed to the work of the Father, Spirit, and Son.

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Peter designates himself as an apostle, an authoritative messenger of Jesus Christ (see note on Rom. 1:1). The people receiving his letter are elect exiles of the dispersion. Peter is not speaking of a literal exile (cf. 1 Pet. 1:17; 2:11). Believers long for their true home in the new world that is coming and for their end-time inheritance, for they do not conform to the values and worldviews of this present evil age. Believers are not only exiles but God’s “elect exiles.” They are his chosen people, just as Israel is designated as God’s chosen people in the OT (Deut. 4:37; 7:6–8; Ps. 106:5; Isa. 43:20; 45:4). Since the recipients of his letter were primarily Gentiles, Peter explicitly teaches that the church of Jesus Christ is the new Israel—God’s new chosen people. “Dispersion” (Gk. diaspora) points to the same truth. It is typically used to describe the scattering of the Jews throughout the world (Deut. 28:25; 30:4; Neh. 1:9; Ps. 147:2; Isa. 49:6; Jer. 15:7; 41:17; cf. also John 7:35; James 1:1; note on Acts 2:9–11), but Peter sees a parallel in the church being dispersed throughout the world. (Another view is that these verses show that the church is like Israel but that the ultimate fulfillment of these OT prophecies pertains mainly to future ethnic Israel rather than to the church; this also applies to the notes on 1 Pet. 1:22–2:10; 2:9; 2:10.)

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Peter celebrates the work of the triune God in saving his people; the descriptive phrases in v. 2 modify “elect exiles” in v. 1 (the Gk. has no verb in v. 1; the esv supplies “are” to make the sense more clear). They are God’s people because of his foreknowledge. This does not merely refer to God’s foreknowing that they would belong to him but also means that he set his covenantal affection upon them in advance, foreordaining that they would belong to him (cf. Rom. 8:29). In the sanctification of the Spirit may refer here either to conversion or to gradual progress in the Christian life, or possibly to both. The Spirit sets apart God’s people into the sphere of the holy, so that believers are now holy and righteous in their standing before God, and they grow in actual holiness in their lives. For obedience to Jesus Christ may also refer either to conversion, when Christians confessed Jesus as Lord (Rom. 10:9; cf. 1 Pet. 1:22), or to God’s purpose for their lives, that they obey Christ. For sprinkling with his blood refers to Christ’s atoning work on the cross, where all the believers’ sins were washed away, just as the old covenant was inaugurated with the shedding of blood (cf. Ex. 24:3–8). Peter sees believers “sprinkled” with the blood of Christ, referring either to their initial entrance into a covenant with God (similar to Ex. 24:3–8) or to their subsequent cleansings by the blood of Christ (i.e., growth in holiness) or possibly to both (similar to Lev. 14:6–7; cf. Ps. 51:7; 1 John 1:7).

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Karl Marx complained that religion was the opiate of the people. Did Peter support the comfortable life of oppressors by pacifying the suffering with the idea of a heavenly inheritance in the next world?

In answering this question, we must recall that Peter himself suffered as a Christian; the tradition that he died for the faith is likely accurate. What we find in 1 Peter, therefore, are not the words of someone with power telling those who are suffering to endure injustice because heaven awaits. We hear the words of someone who suffered along with those he taught. The early Christians did not have political power; they were at the mercy of governing authorities if the latter turned against them.

What Peter wrote provides no justification for injustice. We distort Peter’s words if we say to those suffering under our authority, “Don’t worry about suffering. You will be rewarded in heaven.” On the other hand, Marx’s objection assumes that the heavenly hope is not real. Millions of Christians throughout history have suffered and have had no prospect of worldly happiness. Peter’s words provide genuine comfort to all believers who face oppression, for they remind us that unspeakable joy awaits those who belong to Jesus.

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Praise for Salvation. Peter begins the body of the letter by blessing God because he has given believers new life and guaranteed their future glory (vv. 3–5). Believers rejoice in their sufferings because they are designed for their purity (vv. 6–9). Christians are wonderfully blessed, for they know the fulfillment of OT prophecies, all of which point to Christ (vv. 10–12).

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Salvation is due to God’s mercy, grace, and sovereignty, for he miraculously gave sinners new life (caused us to be born again, cf. v. 23). Peter may be connecting “born again” to through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, meaning that the new birth was made possible because God thought of those who believe in Christ as being united to him in his resurrection (cf. Rom. 6:4; Eph. 1:19–20; 2:5–6; Col. 3:1). Or he may be linking the resurrection to the living hope of believers, since that hope immediately follows the resurrection. In the latter case, the hope of Christians is their future resurrection. Believers have an unshakable hope for the future, for Christ’s resurrection is a pledge of their own future resurrection.

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The “hope” of v. 3 is now described as an inheritance, which in the OT typically describes the Promised Land and Israel’s place in it (Num. 32:19; Deut. 2:12; 12:9; 25:19; 26:1; Josh. 11:23; Ps. 105:11). But the OT inheritance points ahead to an even greater inheritance, reserved in heaven for the people of the new covenant. imperishable. Nothing can tarnish or extinguish that secure inheritance.

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Salvation in this context is a further description of the inheritance of v. 4 and the hope of v. 3. Peter lifts his readers’ minds to what will be revealed in the last time. They will certainly receive this future salvation, for God will protect them through his power by sustaining their faith to the end.

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Peter realizes that joy is mingled with grief as Christians in Asia Minor suffer various trials. Little while denotes the whole of their earthly life before they inherit future salvation. if necessary. These sufferings are God’s will for his people, so that their faith might be purified and shown to be genuine. Such faith has a great reward, for at the revelation (that is, the return) of Jesus Christ, honor and praise will belong both to Christians and to Christ.

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Joy is not reserved only for the future when Jesus will be clearly seen at his revelation (v. 7). Even now, his followers love him, believe in him, and rejoice with an inexpressible joy. The end result is eternal salvation—the completion of God’s saving work.

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Even though the OT prophets did not see clearly when their prophecies would be realized, they did foretell that Christ would suffer and then be glorified. See Overview of the Bible. The Spirit of Christ is the Holy Spirit, who was speaking through the prophets.

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Christians have received astounding blessings, for the OT prophets were serving not themselves but you, that is, NT believers, and angels long to understand fully what has been accomplished. Christians have heard this good news in the gospel proclaimed to them.

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The Future Inheritance as an Incentive to Holiness. The inheritance promised to followers of Christ should motivate them to set their hope entirely on their future reward (vv. 13–16) and to live in fear of the God who redeemed them at the cost of his own Son (vv. 17–21).

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set your hope fully. The fullness of grace and its complete work will come only when Jesus returns, and believers are to long for that day. They do so by thinking rightly about reality and by living sober-minded and sensible lives in this present evil age.

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While living on this earth, Christians have to fight the desires of sin, so they are called to be obedient children, separated from evil in all that they do. They are to be holy (cf. Lev. 18:2–4), for that accords with the character of God who is holy and has called believers to himself.

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Father who judges impartially may refer only to the final judgment, when believers will be judged according to their deeds (cf. Rom. 2:6, 16; 2 Cor. 5:10). More likely, Peter has in mind both this present life and the last day as well. God is not only the Father of his people but also their judge. Fear is not a paralyzing terror but a fear of God’s discipline and fatherly displeasure; it is a reverence and awe that should characterize the lives of believers during their exile (cf. 1 Pet. 1:1) on this earth.

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The reason for the call to fear (v. 17) is given in vv. 18–19. Believers were ransomed by Christ’s precious blood. “Ransom” recalls Israel’s deliverance from Egypt (Deut. 7:8; 9:26; 15:15; 24:18), which in turn points to the greater deliverance accomplished by Jesus Christ. Believers are delivered from a life of futility and meaninglessness to one of great significance. you were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your forefathers. Christ’s sacrifice breaks the inevitability and power of “generational sin,” the idea that the sins of parents and grandparents are often repeated in later generations (cf. Ex. 20:5–6). Christ’s sacrifice is compared to a lamb without blemish or spot. The references to “lamb” and “blood” point to the OT sacrifices and especially to Christ as the Passover Lamb (Exodus 12) and the servant of the Lord (cf. “lamb,” Isa. 53:7). As the perfect sacrifice, Christ atoned for the sins of the unrighteous (cf. John 1:29; 1 Pet. 3:18).

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Christians should live in holy fear (v. 17) because they are deeply loved and should not despise that love. God planned (Christ was foreknown, cf. v. 2) from eternity past when he would send Christ, and he chose to reveal him at the time in history when these believers lived (for the sake of you) so that they would enjoy the inexpressible privilege of living in the days of fulfillment (cf. vv. 10–12). They should be full of hope (hope functions as an inclusio—a literary envelope—beginning and ending this section; vv. 13, 21), for Christ’s being raised reminds them of their future reward.

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Peter’s call for his readers to love one another is grounded in their conversion, which occurred when they were obedient to the truth (i.e., the gospel) and therefore were purified and cleansed (see note on v. 2 for “obedience” and “sprinkling”).

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Believers were born anew through the living and abiding word of God, meaning the whole of written Scripture (cf. v. 25) but especially the saving message of the gospel. The exhortation to love (v. 22) flows from their new life as members of God’s family.

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Peter cites Isa. 40:6, 8 to contrast the weakness of human flesh with the power of the word of the Lord that has granted new life to believers.